Accounting Homework

Fletcher Company manufactures and sells one product. The following information pertains to each of the company’s first two years of operations:| | | | Variable costs per unit:| | | Manufacturing:| | | Direct materials| | $ 20 | Direct labor| | $ 12 | Variable manufacturing overhead| | $ 4 | Variable selling and administrative| | $ 3 | Fixed costs per year:| | | Fixed manufacturing overhead| $| 200,000 | Fixed selling and administrative expenses| $| 80,000 | | During its first year of operations, Fletcher produced 50,000 units and sold 40,000 units.During its second year of operations, it produced 40,000 units and sold 50,000 units. The selling price of the company’s product is $50 per unit. | 1. | Assume the company uses variable costing:| a. | Compute the unit product cost for year 1 and year 2. (Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| Unit product cost| $ | $ | | b. | Prepare an income statement for year 1 and year 2. (Input all amounts as positive values except losses which should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| | $ | $ | | | | Variable expenses:| | | | | | | | | | | Total variable expenses| | | | | | | | | | | | Fixed expenses:| | | | | | | | | | | | Total fixed expenses| | | | | | | $ | $ | | | | | 2. | Assume the company uses absorption costing:| a. | Compute the unit product cost for year 1 and year 2. (Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| Unit product cost| $ | $ | | b. | Prepare an income statement for year 1 and year 2. (Input all amounts as positive values except losses which should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| | $ | $ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | $ | | | | 3. | Reconcile the difference between variable costing and absorption costing net operating income in year 1 and year 2. (Input all amounts as positive values except losses which should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| Variable costing net operating income (loss)| $ | $ | : | | | : | | | | | | Absorption costing net operating income| $ | $ | Fletcher Company manufactures and sells one product. The following information pertains to each of the company’s first two years of operations:| | | | Variable costs per unit:| | | Manufacturing:| | |Direct materials| | $ 20 | Direct labor| | $ 12 | Variable manufacturing overhead| | $ 4 | Variable selling and administrative| | $ 3 | Fixed costs per year:| | | Fixed manufacturing overhead| $| 200,000 | Fixed selling and administrative expenses| $| 80,000 | | During its first year of operations, Fletcher produced 50,000 units and sold 40,000 units. During its second year of operations, it produced 40,000 units and sold 50,000 units. The selling price of the company’s product is $50 per unit. | 1. | Assume the company uses variable costing:| a. | Compute the unit product cost for year 1 and year 2. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| Unit product cost| $ | $ | | b. | Prepare an income statement for year 1 and year 2. (Input all amounts as positive values except losses which should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| | $ | $ | | | | Variable expenses:| | | | | | | | | | | | Total variable expenses| | | | | | | | | | | | Fixed expenses:| | | | | | | | | | | | Total fixed expenses| | | | | | | $ | $ | | | | | 2. | Assume the company uses absorption costing:| a. | Compute the unit product cost for year 1 and year 2. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| Unit product cost| $ | $ | | b. | Prepare an income statement for year 1 and year 2. (Input all amounts as positive values except losses which should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. )| | Year 1| Year 2| | $ | $ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | $ | | | | | 3. | Reconcile the difference between variable costing and absorption costing net operating income in year 1 and year 2. (Input all amounts as positive values except losses which should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit the â€Å"$† sign in your response. | Year 1 Year 2 | | | Variable costing net operating income (loss) 160,000 270,000 Add Fixed manufacturing overhead cost deferred in inventory under absorption costing 40000 Deduct fixed manufacturing overhead cost released inventory under absorption costing ______ Absorption costing net operating income 20000

Social Entrepreneurship

There are substantial issues related to social entrepreneurship and how they are dealing with challenges including competition, structure, adapting to a changing economic and social environment, and employee retention and satisfaction. There is a perception by some small businesses that an unfair competition exists because a nonprofit may already be an established agency with resources of their own. They argue that social entrepreneurship may take a significant piece of a limited customer base that is shared by struggling small businesses. Differing views among scholars raise the issue of definition, mission, and validity of social entrepreneurships. In America, some believe that social entrepreneurship must remain in the private sector and operated as a substitute for social welfare. (Bacq & Janssen 2001) Others limit their focus to the social entrepreneur's role within the organization. Bill Drayton of The American Social Innovation School posits that the social entrepreneur's characteristics as a change agent are the central element of social entrepreneurship, while others insist that the organization must remain the primary focus. The mission-centric nature of social entrepreneurship is a point of contention as well. Scholars are divided over the necessity to link the social mission with the financial goals. Some believe that the commercial activities do not need to be connected to the social mission, so long as the revenues are used to fund the social activities. Adam Smith (1976) suggests that businesses, although may have good intentions, are easily dissuaded from the pursuit of social good. Dees and Anderson (2003) also acknowledge the risks of conflicts between having both a social mission and wealth creation objective, admitting that successful examples of such setups are rare in practice. In some instances, as observed by Dees (2012), the social mission can â€Å"be at odds† with profit motives. (Dees, 2012, p. 321). Dacin, Dacin, and Matear (2010, p. 45) also highlight that it is an â€Å"increasingly important concern that all forms of business face: how to weave social and economic concerns into the fabric of organization management, to the mutual satisfaction of stakeholders.† Additionally, Dees and Anderson (2003) suggest that the most significant challenge of operating a for-profit social enterprise is the complexity of combining two opposed objectives which are amplified by the pressures to compromise social mission in pursuit of financial performance. Regarding mission drift, scholars argue that the business model brings more tensions that benefit. They suggest that situations will inevitably arise due to the different objectives leading to a divergence of goals and values. Smith, Gonin & Besharov (2013) point to the â€Å"competing demands† and the â€Å"ethical dilemmas† that are likely to arise in such a situation. Seedco (2007) adds that even though social entrepreneurs have a strong commitment to the social goal, they may be quickly moved from this goal due to increasing financial problems (Seedco 2007).

Applying The Social Entrepreneurship Concept Commerce Essay

The aims of this undertaking is to place the societal entrepreneurship construct, to place the characteristics for ICE-Port as societal entreprenteurship construct and to plan the ICE-Port.The execution of this undertaking will be in 3 stages, job designation, demand and and analysis and besides plan phases.This undertaking is expected to finish within 2 semester.The awaited consequence of this undertaking would be ICE-Port paradigm and SDD. Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the undertaking background, job statement, purpose, aims, range and significance of the undertaking. The undertaking background presents the overview of proposed undertaking and the job statement will place the job occurs. Significance of the undertaking is besides stated in this chapter. 1.1 Undertaking Background. Entrepreneurship plans were conducted among university pupils in order to expose pupils to entrepreneurial values and accomplishments, which cover leading, invention, creativeness, resiliency, fight, independency, calculated hazard and the ability to place and make chances ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . To heighten the entrepreneurship programme, The Higher Education Entrepreneurship Development Policy was launched on 13 April 2010. The purpose of this policy is to promote the development of entrepreneurship plans among higher instruction pupils in a holistic mode and well-structured program.The execution of the policy is aim at bring forthing alumnuss which non merely success in academic but besides have the enterprisers attributes, believing and accomplishments, to increase the figure of enterprisers among alumnuss for the accomplishment of economic transmutation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . ‘Kemahiran Insaniah ‘ plan, one of the attacks introduced by the Ministry of Higher Education ( MOHE ) for the development of human capital among university pupils has outlined entrepreneurship accomplishments as one of the 7 elements as the aims of the plan ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . Before the execution of the entrepreneurship policy by MOHE, UiTM one measure further in develop and back up the entrepreneurship elements among their pupils. UiTM has introduced entrepreneurship classs as an attempt to advance entrepreneurship as a feasible calling option ( Arshad, Buyong, Wahab A ; Salleh, 2011 ) . This can be seen in academic survey program which entrepreneurship class has been highlighted as one of the compulsory topic in some faculities such as Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences ( www.fskm.uitm.edu.my, n.d. ) .Other than that, one of the iniatitives is the constitution of Malayan Academy of SME A ; Entrepreneurship Development ( MASMED ) .MASMED is the combination of Pusat Pembangunan Usahawan Malaysia ( MEDEC ) , Tunas Mekar and Entrepreneurship Research and Support Centre ( ERSC ) was established in April 2010 to carry on and form entrepreneurship programmes among UiTM pupils ( hypertext transfer protocol: //masmed.uitm.edu.my,2011 ) .MASMED respo nsible to bring forth enterprisers among the UiTM pupils and to construct the entrepreneurship accomplishments and values among the pupils to better the marketability of employment. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //masmed.uitm.edu.my,2011 ) . Besides the introducing of entrepreneurship class, UiTM exposed the entrepreneurship elements through the extracurricular and club activities ( Arshad, Buyong, Wahab A ; Salleh, 2011 ) . As defined by Dalrymple and Evangelou in 2006, extracurricular activities refer to the activities which are non covered in the university course of study and it will take topographic point outside the category clip. Perlembagaan Persatuan UiTM in 2012 highlighted the activities will be conducted must supply some value to the targeted group, including entrepreneurship, academic, community service and leadership.According to Arshad, Buyong, Wahab and Salleh ( 2011 ) , there are merely 0.6 % of UiTM pupils participated in more than 3 entrepreneurship activities while analyzing. This really little per centum is due to miss of publicity on entrepreneurship activities. To back up the MOHE and UiTM attempts in developing the entrepreneurship elements and involvements among pupils, this undertaking will be attempted to happen an alternate to advance the activities to be conducted by planing a portal and using the entrepreneurship construct and societal entrepreneurship construct was chosen. As one of the pupil association, ISEC was chosen to reflect for this undertaking. Since ISEC do non hold any community battle portal, societal entrepreneurship construct will be applied for the design of ISEC community battle portal ( ICE-Port ) .In suppport MOHE and UiTM entrepreneurial mission, this portal will be functioned as one of the medium for ISEC community to derive information about ISEC and activities planned at the same clip advancing the entrepreneurship activities. 1.2 Problem Statement The non being medium to advance an entrepreneurship activities have causes the pupils to non take part in such activities. In my informal treatment with Information Systems Engineering Club ( ISEC ) commission, current patterns have been applied to advance or inform the pupils about the extracurricular and nine activities is through the societal web medium such as Facebook and through the messaging between the organiser and category representatives.There are issues originate with the current state of affairs such as the pupils do non acquire the information because bash non hold societal web history and category representatives unable to explicate in inside informations about certain activities. And since ISEC is a pupil association, in work outing the job stated, as mentioned before, this undertaking will be focused on the using a type of the entrepreneurship, societal entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship was chosen because Minister of Higher Education Datuk Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin in 2011 said this attack will gives pupils the chance to pattern the procedure of advanced solutions by combine cognition, entrepreneurship, and research experience.The attack, he said, can be used in order to form plans to supply societal alteration to the local community.Resolution of issues or jobs faced by the community, he said, can be addressed through plans organized by their pupils through this attack. This construct more relevant to use among ISEC commission because it is non for net income intiatives ( Austin, Stevenson A ; Wei-Skiller, 2003 ) and the net income addition will be re-invested to the ISEC community. 1.3 Aim To use sosial entrepreneurship construct for the design of ISEC Community Engagement Portal ( ICE-Port ) . 1.4 Aims The chief aims of this undertaking are: 1. To place societal entrepreneurshipconcept. 2. To place the functionalities for ISEC Community Engagement Portal ( ICE-Port ) harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship construct. 3. To plan the ICE-Port. 1.5 Scope The execution of this undertaking is to help ISEC Committee in using the entrepreneurial constructs in their activities and prosecute the community of ISEC. 1.6 Undertaking Stakeholders The possible stakeholders for this undertaking are: 1. MASMED Staff 2. ISEC Committee. 1.7 Significance of Undertaking 1. Development Team. This undertaking can help those who are interested to implement this undertaking further.This is because this undertaking will plan the undertaking harmonizing to the societal entrepreneurship constructs and it will do easy for them to develop the system. 2. ISEC Community. Once the undertaking have been implemented, it will give benefits to ISEC commission and community in footings of prosecuting the community and the information sing ISEC activities can be informed in more proper ways. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter purpose to reexamine the relevant literature of the portal development construct, community battle construct and societal entrepreneurship construct. 2.1 Portal Development 2.1.1 Definition of Portal. The portal is an individual log-on online campus services which would supply pupils with entree to online university web sites, and class information from any location. ( Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc.,2002 ) . Webopedia.com ( n.d, as cited in Maltz, 2005 ) defined a portal as a web site or service which provides many services and maps such as intelligence, hunt engines, electronic mail, forums which can pull a immense figure of users. Whereas â€Å" What is Portal † ( n.d ) defined portal as all in one web sites which contains the aggregation of information from different beginnings and incorporate it with individual entree point.Tatnall ( 2005 ) described portals as a door which enables users to entree to the other web sites by utilizing cyberspace, intranet or extranet. 2.1.2 Portal Categorization There are many types of portals as listed byTatnall in 2005 as described below: 1. General/Mega Portals. The end for this portal is to go the mainpage for their user to entree to the other websites.Free electronic mail, links to chew the fat room, shopping web sites, contains the information and intelligence about athleticss and current issues are some of the services provided by the general portal.They make their money through the advertizement, and the success of this portal are measured by their figure of visitants. 2. Vertical Industry Portals. These portals fundamentally focused on the specific industries such as wellness attention, bivouacing equipment and steel merchandises. 3. Horizontal Industry Portals. These portals are based around a group of industries and it provide their user with the information on a broad country of subjects. 4. Community Portals. It managed by community groups to portion their common involvements among each other. 5. Enterprise Information Portals. This portal designed for business-to-employee ( B2E ) processes. It enable the employees to entree and portion data.Usually can be entree utilizing intranet connexion. 6. E-marketplace Portals. It is an drawn-out of endeavor information portals but it can be entree to a company ‘s extranet connexion. Very helpful for business-to-business procedures such as engagement, reserve and supply of points. The purpose to cut down cost and to guarantee the services or order will get on clip 7. Personal/Mobile Portals. This portal was designed to do easy for nomadic user to pass on particularly from a distance. 8. Information Portals. This portal contains specific types of information such the athleticss information portals dedicated to supply information about athleticss. 2.1.3 Common Features of Portal. A research done by Butters in 2003 shown there are common characteristics in portal development. He listed as below: Utilities which includes electronic mail history, calendar and contriver. User profiling-The information about an user based on their involvements and background ( Schiaffino A ; Amandi, 2009 ) . Resource find including subject-specific and individual mark on. News/News provender. Community communicating which contains message boards and on-line treatment. Advertising refers as the advertizements through the utilizing of cyberspace. Maltz in 2005 listed the common characteristics of portal as below: Single mark on- A individual user designation and watchword will enable a user to entree all authorized systems without holding to log on in individually ( Anchan and Pegah, 2003 ) . Role-Based hallmark Newss and proclamation. Search engine. Calendar. Student information system. Directories Harmonizing to Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc ( 2002 ) , agreed with Maltz in naming the common standards of pupil portal specifically. They added pupil portal should hold: Learning Management System-Is an information system that monitors the acquisition classs and keeps path of pupil advancement records ( Brown A ; Johnson, 2007 ) . From a research based on the literature reappraisal, a functionalities that serves in pupil portal should hold characteristics as shows in the following tabular array. No. Title Author / Source Identified Functionalities 1. What features in portal? Butters, 2003 ‘http: //www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/butters -Utilities -User profiling -Resource find -News -Community Communication -Advertising -Leisure -Miscellaneous services. 2. Leadership development plan 2001/2002: Student portal undertaking. Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc.,2005. -Single mark on -Role-Based Authentication -Learning Management System -Search engine -Calendar -Student Information System. 3. Portals: A Personal Door to the Information Enterprise Maltz,2005 -Single mark on -Role-Based Authentication -Search engine -Calendar -Student Information System. -News and proclamation -Directories. 2.4.2 Types of Open Source For Portal Development. In this subdivision, researcher place several unfastened beginning application model to be choose for the planing the ICE-Port prototype.There are several application model identified, as described below. 1. Jetspeed. Harmonizing to ibm.com/developerWork ( n.d ) , Jetspeed, written in Java linguistic communication is a Apache Sofware Foundation merchandise, an unfastened beginning for the development a portal. Released under the Apache License, all entree to the portal is controlled through a portal security policy Provided tools for developers and user interface interior decorators, the purpose of Jetspeed is to let the rapidly portal development. It supports a assortment of entree medium such as web browsers and nomadic devices and has been widely implemented. 2.uPortal Using an unfastened standards-based engineerings such as Java and XML, uPortal provided an easy individual mark on campus application and stop user customization.A particular factor of uPortal is it is focal points on the development of universities portal. However, it still provided the common characteristics of portal. 3.LifeRay Portal A free MIT licensing fees, LifeRay is designed for easiness of usage and provided functionalities such as web logs, wikis and message boards.It allows the terminal users to custom-make their pages utilizing predefined portlets or appliance. Jetspeed uPortal LifeRay Beginnings Table 2.4.1: Comparison between unfastened beginning to be selected and used for prototyping. 2.2 Community Engagement 2.2.1 Definition. In the Principles of Community Engagement Second Edition, the writers described community battle as: â€Å" †¦ the procedure of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic propinquity, particular involvement, or similar state of affairss to turn to issues impacting the wellbeing of those people † . Communities Scotland ( 2007 ) explained community battle is the procedure of affecting people in determinations that affect them, by affecting communities in the planning, development and direction of services. BlackBoard.com ( n.d ) stated, with the community battle, it can assist: To present the online communicating for campus, groups or nines. Be more efficient in presenting intelligence and proclamation based on the user ‘s function. Support multiple unit with different demands. 2.2.2 Community engagement theoretical account. Harmonizing to Hashagen in 2002, there are 6 theoretical accounts for community battle as described below: 1. Consultation/public engagement theoretical accounts. This theoretical account is frequently use by public governments in acquiring the sentiment from the society and community.It includes studies, forums and treatment and sentiment polls. 2. Asset-based/social economic system theoretical accounts. These focal point on recognizing the value of the physical assets and human resources of a community, and seek to maximize the community control over, and benefit from these assets. 3. Community democracy theoretical accounts. These set out to widen local democracy into the community by, in consequence, set uping an informal community grade of authorities. 4.Identify based theoretical accounts. Typically it is come from the minority groups. 5. Learning-led and popular instruction theoretical accounts. It focused on edifice and back uping the accomplishments and involvements among community members.It will inform the members about preparation, employment and accomplishments development chances. 6.Service development theoretical accounts. This theoretical account purpose to assist in place the community jobs and happen a manner to work out the job. For illustration this theoretical account was applied by young person nine, athleticss nine and many other nines by act as a voluntary. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation as cited by†¦ †¦ listed community battle theoretical accounts in 5 ways: 1.Providing Information. Supply information about activities to the community. 2.Consultation. Community allowed to give any feedback or sentiments sing any issues. 3.Deciding together. Involved community in determination devising. 4.Acting together. Making and moving together in determination devising. 5.Supporting independent community involvement. Gives support to commission to develop their docket. No. Title Author / Source Identified Models 1. Models of Community Engagement Hashagen, 2003 ‘https: //www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded_publications/publication_283.pdf ‘ -Consultation/public engagement theoretical accounts. -Asset-Based/social economic system theoretical accounts. -Community democracy theoretical accounts. -Identify based theoretical accounts. -Learning-led and popular instruction theoretical accounts. -Service development theoretical accounts. 2. Good pattern in community battle from an equalitive position. Equality and Human Rights Commission,2009. ‘http: //www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/good_practice_in_community_engagement.pdf ‘ -Providing information. -Consultation. -Deciding together. -Acting together. -Supporting independent community involvement. Table 2.2.2 The theoretical accounts of community battle. From the reappraisal of community battle theoretical account, researcher choose to use the theoretical accounts as described by Equality and Human Right Commission in 2009, which are the combination of supplying information theoretical account, audience, moving together and back uping independent community involvement model.Researcher found all these theoretical accounts more relevant to be applied because ICE-Port will supply the information about the ISEC and plans will be conducted, let community to give an sentiment about any related issues, and it will give support to community to develop their docket. 2.3 Entrepreneurship 2.3.1 Definition Harmonizing Martin and Osberg ( 2007 ) , entrepreneurship can be defined as the designation, ability and chance to make a new concern or endeavor with the purpose to convey something new to the universe. Entrepreneurship can be referred as the procedure of making something new which has to hold value to the stakeholders, or people for which it is developed, have return values to an enterpriser and presuming hazards such as fiscal, phsycological and societal countries ( Hisrich, Robert, Peters A ; Shepherd, 2005 ) . BusinessDictionary.com defined entrepreneurship as the ability and preparedness to take any hazards in order to do a net income through the development and organisation of concern venture. 2.3.2 Types of entrepreneurship Blank ( 2011 ) listed there are 4 types of entrepreneurship which can be described as below: Business Entrepreneurship. Social Entrepreneurship Is an entrepreneurship construct which focuses on the resolution of societal demands by producig merchandises and services.It can be for net income or non net income but it is non to make net income for the investors. 2.3.3 Entrepreneurship rules. 2.4 Social Entrepreneurship 2.4.1 Definition. Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn in 2001 has defined societal entrepreneurship as the using the entrepreneuship rules for societal mission impact instead than for net incomes and that net incomes will be used to work out a societal demands to specific group.While Pomerantz in 2003 defined societal entrepreneurship as either single societal enterprisers and non-profit organisations action in the development of advanced, mission supporting and making jobs.Lasprogata and Cotton ( 2003 ) agreed societal entrepreneurship as the non- net incomes organisations approach which will give a greater impact on their societal mission by using the entrepreneurial rules. Social entrepreneurship as defined by Dees is the combination of societal rules and concern rules and it is differentiated from the other types of entrepreneurship by its mission related impact ( Barley, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Seelos and Mair ( 2005 ) , societal entrepreneurship refers to the attempt for compitently fulfill basic homo demands which unable to fulfill by utilizing current system. It is besides the combination between the traditional entrepreneurship with some added value to alter society. Nicholls ( 2006 ) agreed societal entrepreneurship as the utilizing the existing resources to convey societal impacts through the advanced activities and making new opportunities.Mair ( 2008 ) besides defined societal entrepreneurship as the procedure to fulfill basic demands which unable to fulfill by the organisations involved with the aim to do betterment in societal and economic structure.In other words, societal entrepreneurship can be defined as the designation of new solution and chances to address the job of unequal distribution of societal which consequences from conventional systems ( â€Å" Defining Social Entrepreneurship † , n.d ) . Another definition by Zadek and Thake ( 1997, as cited in Noruzi, Westover A ; Rahimi, 2010 ) societal entrepreneurship is the invention with the mission to make societal impact instead than personal or profit impact. As cited in SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation in 2010, Cochran ( 2007 ) defined societal entrepreneurship as the resolution of societal jobs by using the entrepreneurship principles.Zhara, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, Shulman ( 2008 ) as cited by SME ‘s, Entrepreneurship and Innovation in 2010 suggested societal entrepreneurship as the mission to convey societal wealth through its activities and making new chances and ventures in an advanced manner. 2.4.2 Differences between societal entrepreneurship and concern entrepreneurship There are many treatment about the differences between concern and societal entrepreneurship. Boschee and McClurg ( 2003 ) distinguish the concern and societal entrepreneurship as stated below: Social Responsibility Business entrepreneurship by and large do no set a direct attempt on work outing the societal jobs. This signifier of entrepreneurship dramas their societal functions through charity plan such as contribution and hold a good relationship with their employees. Whereas societal entrepreneurship attempt are straight attached to societal jobs. For illustration the societal enterprisers will engage handicapped, populating in poorness and former captives who are hard to acquire a occupation. Performance Measurement Business entrepreneurship measured their public presentation by fiscal consequences. The success or failure of undertaking is determined by the economic value to the proprietors or investors. Social entrepreneurship public presentation are measured by both societal and fiscal returns The net income are re-invested to accomplish the societal mission. Mair and Marti in 2006 described the differences between concern and societal entrepreneurship as below: Aims. Business entrepreneurship precedence given to economic value. Whereas societal entrepreneurship precedence given to societal value. This does non intend the net incomes do non necessary in societal entrepreneurship, it is besides of import to guarantee the attempt sustainability and autonomy. Uhlig ( n.d ) with the same sentiment besides stated: Percept of Value. For concern entrepreneurship, the enterpriser and investors will concentrate for the return on investing as the chief value. While societal entrepreneurship lies in the societal impact and benefits which can work out the societal jobs and demands. The value for net income besides of import to re-invested for the following societal entrepreneurship activities. Wealth Creation Approach. â€Å" The concern entrepreneurship is driven to introduce within a commercial market, to the ultimate benefit of consumers. If successful, the invention creates wealth. The venture ‘s success is gauged by how much wealth it creates † . â€Å" To the societal entrepreneurship, wealth creative activity is necessary, but non for its ain interest. Rather, wealth is merely a tool the enterpriser uses to consequence societal alteration. The grade to which heads are changed, enduring is alleviated or unfairness is reversed represents the organisation ‘s success. † 2.4.3 Differences between societal entrepreneurship and charity ( traditional non-profit ) Social entrepreneurship besides differed from charity. Meldrum in 2011 described the differences as below: Role of Social Value Creation. The charity exist to redistribute income aggregation to those needed. While societal entrepreneurship making the new thoughts in order to better and give benefits to society. Social Structure. Charity works within bing constructions in society. However, societal entrepreneurship will place the societal jobs and creates chances to work out the job. Purpose. Charity to ease of load while societal entrepreneurship intent is to better the societal status. Fiscal In footings of fiscal, charity chiefly financed through contribution while societal entrepreneurship financed through the conducted activities. While Boschee and McClurg in 2003 differentiate societal entrepreneurship and traditional non net income as belows: Sustainability and Autonomy. Charity has been driven by a dependence theoretical account, trusting chiefly on voluntarism and governement or upper direction support in footings of income.The writers besides believed every bit long as the charity organisation depends on the 3rd party, they will ne’er go sustainable and self sufficient. For societal entrepreneurship, the aid from the authorities and voluntary are welcome, but they do non chiefly depends on it. Based on the definition and comparing between societal entrepreneurship construct and the other constructs, in general, societal entrepreneurship can be clearly described as below: Characteristics/ Beginnings Social Mission Business Principles Non-Profit For-Profit Invention Hibbert, Hogg A ; Quinn ( 2001 ) / / / / Pomerantz ( 2003 ) / / / Lasprogata A ; Cotton ( 2003 ) / / / / Dees as cited by Barley ( 2009 ) / / Seelos A ; Mair ( 2005 ) / / Nicholls ( 2006 ) / / Mair ( 2008 ) / Specifying Social Entrepreneurship ( n.d ) . / / Zadek and Thake ( 1997 ) cited by Noruzi, Westover A ; Rahimi, 2010 / / / / Cochran ( 2007 ) as cited by SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation ( 2010 ) / / Zhara, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, Shulman ( 2008 ) , as cited by SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation ( 2010 ) / / / Austin, Stevenson, Wei-Killer ( 2006 ) / Meldrum ( 2011 ) / / Uhlig ( n.d ) / / Boschee A ; McClur ( 2003 ) / / / Table 2.4 The component of societal entrepreneurship From the literature reappraisal, research worker has identified the societal entrepreneurship construct related to be applied for the design of ICE-Port. In general, all the literature stated shared the same thoughts about the societal entrepreneurship that are its nonsubjective is to decide the societal job, and the plans are societal enterprisers invention and it is applied concern entrepreneurship rules. Social entrepreneurship besides is for non-profit organisation which deriving and re-investing net income for the following entrepreneurial programs.From the literature, researcher agreed on Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn review.They has defined societal entrepreneurship as the using the entrepreneuship rules for societal mission impact instead than for net incomes and that net incomes will be used to work out a societal demands to specific group.This sentiment more relevant for this undertaking because it is non merely concentrate on the societal mission but besides using entrepreneursh ip rules as stated in the literature early.Since ISEC is a non-profit association, the net income addition from the plans conducted will be reinvested for the following ISEC programs.This undertaking besides will non merely focuses on ISEC community societal demands, but it will looking to the broad country of societal jobs which can non be satisfy by the conventional approach.From the research worker position, it is non needfully to introduce new plans, but it can besides accommodate the being societal mission plans, harmonizing to UiTM pupils environment. 2.4.4 Features in Social Entrepreneurship Websites. Dees ( 2001 ) stated the term of societal entrepreneurship may be something new but the phenomenon is non. There are many societal enterprisers before even cipher name them with that term.For a long clip, entrepreneurship does benefits society by bring forthing new, utile and valuable merchandises and provides more occupation chances. ( Austin, Stevenson A ; Skillern, 2006 ) . Martin A ; Osberg ( 2001 ) besides stated the rebranding by utilizing the societal entrepreneurship term is quickly pulling attending from many sectors. In 2006, the Nobel Prize Award to Mohammad Yunus, the laminitis for the Gramen Bank which has helped 1000s of people, largely adult females, out of poorness, thrust societal entrepreneurship into the planetary attending ( Noruzi, Westover A ; Rahimi, 2010 ) . He believed that the hapless people have under-utilized accomplishments because of the conservative systems and constructions fail to supply the necessary resources to them. From this issue, he founded the Gramen Bank in 1976 to supply loans to the hapless people in his hometown, Bangladesh ( Seelos A ; Mair,2005 ) .Other than Yunus, there are many societal enterprisers and they are utilizing internet platform in advancing their societal mission.Researcher have done some reappraisal on the societal entrepreneurship websites to place the characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites. Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) In support their pupils societal involvements and demands, MIT provide a broad scope of support for societal activities.It aid pupils to acquire involved in the societal issues and function communities itself.The characteristics provided in hypertext transfer protocol: //web.mit.edu/mitpsc are: What We Do-Describes the activities among their communities involved such as volunteering plan, family and internship, grants and service acquisition. Opportunities-Includes the public service undertakings outside the campus such as: Service Fair -It ‘s a great chance to happen out about community service that matches your involvements. Civic Engagement-Interaction among communities and authorities including take part in political mass meeting and vote enrollment. Yunus Challenge-New waste development such as medical equipment waste and waste direction. Davis Project For Peace-For MIT undergraduate pupils, this plan provide $ 10 000 family for undertaking that promotes peace, to be implemented during a summer. Support the PSC with donation-Special plans for MIT alumnas association who want to maintain back uping the plan by give a contribution. Buzzbank Buzzbnk is an online crowd support platform that advancing societal ventures to all walks of life and gaining fund for the demands of the community to do the thoughts become world. The community can pass their money and clip, and besides convey the societal message among their friends.Buzzbnk charges 5 percent fee on fund raised for each venture.According to https: //www.buzzbnk.org/ , the characteristics were included are: Explore Projects contains the lists of undertaking have done and approaching projects.Examples of undertakings are Provide Sustainable Homes for Women, Pants to Poverty and Our No Spray Potato Can Feed the World. Searching which specified on the societal entrepreneurship elements such as hunt for highest support undertaking, highest support sum, most popular undertaking and merely started project.Users besides can seek based on the classs such as animate beings, art, instruction and environment. Make a Loan-The inside informations on how to be the fundraiser. Submit Project- Allow their community to convey the thought to do support become world. Kiva Was founded in 2005, Kiva is a non-profit organisation with a mission to prosecute people through their activities in cut downing the poorness rate.Kiva lets persons impart from $ 25 to assist people in need.Social entrepreneurship characteristics included in Kiva web site, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kiva.org are: How Kiva works-Describe the procedures to affect in Kiva activities. Kiva Social Performance-Identify single societal public presentation strength such as Anti-Poverty, Vulnerable Group and Family and Community Empowerment. Community-contains list of members which have lend their money harmonizing to the specific societal group such as alumnas, concern, spiritual, young person and athleticss. Get down some good Harmonizing to Ueland ( 2011 ) , Start Some Good is a site for societal enterprisers to gather a community and raise the financess needed to make alteration. Its end is to be the best platform for societal enterprisers to establish and turn the advanced ventures needed to better communities and the universe. Anyone including for- net income and non-profit-making organisation can affect in fund-raising runs. It charges 5 per centum of the sum raised.Features included in hypertext transfer protocol: //startsomegood.com are: Support good-Promoting and back uping the societal activities organized by the other party. Discover good-Contains lists of discover ventures such as Do Good Bus, Real Good Food and LearnToLive. Start good-The community can get down and propose their thoughts on societal ventures and the Start some good committe will supply the resources to get down the activities.This is to enable their community to make the hereafter they want for their communities. Community-Start some good community enrollment and battle. From a research based on the literature reappraisal, a functionalities that serves in societal entrepreneurship web sites should hold characteristics as shows in the following tabular array. Features/Organization Massachusetts institute of technology Buzzbnk Kiva Get down some good How it works? / / / Allow community to get down any new undertaking / / / Lists of undertakings / / / / Searching based on societal service involvements / / / / Alumni societal services plans. / / / Table 2.4.4 Social Entrepreneurship websites characteristics. The reappraisal on the common characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites besides help researcher to understand its concept.From the literature reappraisal of the common websites characteristics of societal entrepreneurship construct, research worker can reason the of import characteristics to be included are how does the portal work for the societal enterprisers to affect and show their thoughts towards the activities to be conducted, the different societal entrepreneurship undertakings classs such as about environment, humanity, animate beings and education.Other than that, the portal users should able to happen the societal plans harmonizing to their involvements and the ISEC alumnas should acquire involved in the plans by carry oning the particular societal mission plans for them. 2.4 Summary. In this subdivision, the treatment of related literature reappraisal has been made to back up this undertaking. From the analysis of the Table 2.4, research worker has agreed with Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn reappraisal. Basically all of the writers shared the same thought, but the thought from these writers more relevant to be applied in ICE-Port.From the Table 2.4.4, research worker has choose to unite the all 4 common characteristics from the societal entrepreneurship web sites, which are the description of the process to be involved in the plan conducted, it will let their community to get down any new undertaking, ICE-Port besides will included the list of the undertakings with the inside informations, provide hunt map based on societal enterprisers involvement and will let ISEC alumnas to acquire involved with the plans. Chapter 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY This chapter describes about undertaking methodological analysis, stages, activities and its deliverables. 3.1 Methodology. This undertaking uses the methodological analysis as described in Figure 3.1 as a guideline to accomplish the purpose of the undertaking. It consists of three stages. This methodological analysis is of import to guarantee the aims of this undertaking can be achieved. Figure 3.1 illustrates the overview of the undertaking attack and methodological analysis that will be used in planing the ICE-Port. Phase Activities Deliverables Problem Designation -Discuss current job with ISEC commission. -Collect the diary and articles and analyze on societal entrepreneurship construct. -Review the literatures on the common characteristics of pupil portal. -Review the literatures on the common characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites -Description of job statement, purpose, acope, aims and the significance of undertaking. -The construct of societal entrepreneurship identified. -The common characteristics of pupil portal identified. -The common characteristics of pupil portal identified. 1st objective-Project proposal. Requirement and Analysis -Analysis and choosing functionalities for ICE-Port. -Analysis and choosing the functionalities of ICE-Port with the societal entrepreneurship construct. – Requirement confirmation Develop paradigm of ICE Port on selected SE functionalities. Create confirmation cheque templet. -Verify functionalities of a SE in ICE-Port through paradigm presentation with the user. -Description of functionalities of ICE-Port as harmonizing to SE construct. -SE functionalities for ICE-Port are identified. -The paradigm for ICE-Port is demonstrated and verified. -Checklist of confirmation on paradigm. -SRS 2nd nonsubjective Design -Designing theoretical account Identify suited application model Customized the design of selected application model harmonizing to SE functionalities -ICE-Port paradigm designed. -SDD -Project presentation by using SE paradigm. 3rd nonsubjective Figure 3.1 Project Methodology. 3.2 Methodology Description 3.2.1 Problem Identification Phase. In this stage, a preliminary interview session is prepared to help the research worker to behavior an interview.The purpose of carry oning the interview is to place the job of the undertaking. For this undertaking, research worker has done informal treatment with ISEC commission. Problem statement, the purpose, range, aims and significance of the undertaking has been identified.To derive the apprehension on the societal entrepreneurship construct, research worker has collect and analyse the diaries and articles on societal entrepreneurship.Researcher besides has reappraisal on the common characteristics of portal and societal entrepreneurship web sites. The deliverables of this stage are the description of job statement, undertaking purpose, aims, range and significance of undertaking, societal entrepreneurship construct designation, the common characteristics of pupil portal and societal entrepreneurship web sites, undertaking agenda and the undertaking proposal. 3.2.2 Requirement and Analysis. In this stage, the activities to be conducted are analysis the functionalities of ICE- Port harmonizing to the societal entrepreneurship construct and the identified functionalities will be selected for the design of ICE-Port. The demand confirmation will be conducted through the paradigm presentation with the user. The deliverables of this stage are the description of functionalities of ICE-Port as harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship construct, the checklist on the confirmation of paradigm and SRS will besides be produced. 3.2.3 Design. In the design stage, research worker will happen and place the suited application model for the development of portal and theoretical account will be designed. The selected application model will be customized harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship functionalities. The deliverables of this stage are SDD, and planing the concluding paradigm for ICE-Port. 3.3 Summary. This chapter discussed on the methodological analysis to be used for the project.Project methodological analysis is of import for the research worker as a guideline and guarantee the research worker to non divert from the undertaking scope.Currently, this undertaking has done the first stage that is job designation. Chapter 4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Chapter 5 Undertaking Plan This subdivision will depict the undertaking program and work breakdown construction for this undertaking. 5.1 Project Timeline The planned agenda of this undertaking as described in Table 5.1 below. No Undertaking Duration ( Days ) Start End 1 Semester 5 – Undertaking Formulation 105 10 Sep 2012 27 Dis 2012 2 Problem Designation 7 10 Sep 2012 17 Sep 2012 3 Identify Research Area 4 Identify Supervisor A A A 5 Individual Assessment 94 21 Sep 2012 27 Dis 2012 6 Undertaking Topic 2 21 Sep 2012 23 Sep 2012 7 Preliminary Probe 14 24 Sep 2012 8 Oct 2012 8 Research Background 5 15 Oct 2012 19 Oct 2012 9 Undertaking Aim, Scope, Objective and Problem Statement Submission 2 4 Nov 2012 6 Nov 2012 10 Literature Review Submission 1 3 Nov 2012 4 Nov 2012 11 Develop Research Methodology 9 5 Nov 2012 13 Nov 2012 12 Mock Up Presentation 2 17 Nov 2012 18 Nov 2012 13 Proposal Presentation 17 A 26 Nov 2012 A 13 Dis 2012 14 Proposal Submission 17 10 Dis 2012 27 Dis 2012 No Undertaking Duration ( Weeks ) Start ( Month ) 1 Semester 6 – Undertaking Formulation 12 2 Requirement Analysis 3 Analysis and choosing the functionalities of ICE-Port with the societal entrepreneurship construct. 4 Feb 2013 4 Fixing SRS and paradigm 4 March2013 5 Requirement Verification and Validation 1 April2012 6 7 Design 8 Find suited application architecture model. 9 Identify design of selected application model 1 April 2013 10 11 SDD and Prototype 12 Customized the design of selected model harmonizing to SE functionalities 4 May 2013 Table 5.1 The undertaking timeline is of import to gauge the continuance of your undertaking, and place order in which activities should be performed.Currently this undertaking has done with Semester 5 undertaking preparation timeline.The following phases will be started on February 2003.The undertaking appraisal by utilizing Gantt Chart is attached in the Appendix subdivision. Chapter 6 ANTICIPATED RESULT AND CONCLUSION This chapter discusses the description of the expected consequence of proposed undertaking and the decision. 6.1 Anticipated Consequence The awaited consequence from this undertaking is to plan an ICE-Port based on the analysis of the identified societal entrepreneurship concept.The design will be represented in a paradigm and SDD.This undertaking is expected to be completed in two semesters ( refer to the undertaking agenda in Appendix ) . 6.2 Decision The execution of this undertaking tends to turn to the less of the engagement in the entrepreneurship activities jobs among UiTM pupils. Since ISEC commission confronting a job on advancing their activities to the community, ISEC was chosen to reflect for this project.Social entrepreneurship construct was chosen because it is more suited in the pupils environment.With the awaited consequence explained above, it is expectantly that this undertaking will give benefits for the ISEC community and the proclamation or publicity for the entrepreneurship activities can be more effectual and attractive. Appendix Academic survey program which entrepreneurship class has been highlighted as one of the compulsory topic in some faculities.

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The impact of human activities on sharks in the northwest atlantic Essay Example for Free

The impact of human activities on sharks in the northwest atlantic Essay The earth is a finite space. Everyone and everything on it must share its vast yet limited resources, and the actions of one species effects many, if not all, others. Over time, we have come to realize that human activities are having disproportionately negative effects on the global environment. An excellent example of this within the marine biome can be seen in analyzing shark populations of the Northwest Atlantic. In their study, â€Å"Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic† (2003), Julia K. Baum, et al. traced the changes in the populations of eight shark species from 1986 to 2000 (two species were only recorded from 1992 onward). 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Citing overfishing as a significant culprit it claims, â€Å"In the past half century, as fishing fleets expanded rapidly in the open ocean, have large marine predators been subject to this intense exploitation. † Overfishing however is not a new phenomenon, and has indeed been a factor in depleting populations of marine species historically as well. In his 2001 colloquium paper, â€Å"What was natural in the coastal oceans? † Jeremy B. Jackson cites 19th century overfishing in cause â€Å"live coral abundance declined to 1-2% cover from values of 50% or more† in the 1908s. He claims that while this was noted in the 1980s it is the result of historical trends by determining, â€Å"Coral communities did not change noticeably until the epidemic mortality of Diadema antillarum in the 1980s because ecological redundancy of herbivores obscured the potential effects of the loss of large herbivorous fishes for well over a century. Macroalgae were not able to overgrow corals until the last major herbivore was lost from the system. † The ramifications for sharks and other carnivorous species as is significant because declining herbivore populations means there is a food scarcity and thus will result in a decline in predator populations as well. The Baum study notes that their finding of â€Å"large and rapid declines†¦are in addition to substantial historical reductions. Overexploitation of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) is known to have already nearly eliminated two skate species from much of their ranges. † They then engage in a discussion of appropriate measures that could be adopted to counteract the declines their study revealed. They particularly examine marine reserves an â€Å"increasingly popular tool for marine conservation and resource management worldwide† (2002). Using â€Å"simple models to analyze the implications of large-scale marine reserves for shark conservation. They ran each of these models with two likely scenarios â€Å"(i) after the closure, fishing effort is displaced and changes such that the same total swordfish quota is caught (constant-quota scenario); or (ii) fishing effort is displaced but remains constant overall (constant-effort scenario). † Surprisingly, the study found that â€Å"marine reserves can indirectly cause harm if fishing effort is merely displaced. † They found that while closing one region of the study area benefited some species of that region, it had the potential to harm other species both within the closed region and in other regions of the Northwest Atlantic. Their findings suggest that â€Å"if marine reserves are to be effective, their placement is of critical importance, and conservation initiatives must explicitly consider impacts on the whole community of species. † They concluded that â€Å"emphasis on single-species conservation, without controlling effort, simply shifts pressure from one threatened species to another and may actually jeopardize biodiversity. † This scenario would be much like that of 19th century overfishing in that its results would be indirect and thus their effects might immediately be masked but could show up to be catastrophic in the long-term. A more recent study further indicated that ensuring species survival would require a 40-80% reduction in fishing mortality, and that â€Å"rapid recovery of community bio-mass and diversity usually occurs when fishing mortality is reduced. † This recovery was noted to be â€Å"more variable for single species, often because of the influence of species interactions. † Thus, the study concluded that multi-species management must be targeted toward the needs of the most sensitive rather than the most robust species in the system. Finally, in order to most effectively aid in the recovery of predator species of the Northwest Atlantic, the effort must include â€Å"reductions in fishing effort, reduction in bycatch mortality and protection of key areas to initiate recovery of severely depleted communities† (Myers Worm, 2005). Analysis the potential outcomes of any activity is significant because all human activity, not just actions determined to have a negative effect such as fishing, affects the environment. Even activities whose goal is to benefit another species can have unforeseen ramifications, some of these could even result in further harm to the species or environment they are seeking to aid. Rather than merely rushing to the conclusion that marine regions should be designated as reserves, it is important to examine not only the effects on one species, but look to the larger biome and scrutinize the impact that one variable is likely to have on countless other factors with which it interacts directly and indirectly. Within the finite space of the earth, any one action regardless of its intent is likely to reverberate throughout the environment and especially be felt within a specific region or biome. Thus, humans must consider all of there actions when working with the marine biome so as to ensure the least possible harm to its species and the larger world in general. References Baum, J. K. , Myers, R. A. , Kehler, D. G. , Worm, B. , Harley, S. J. , Doherty P. A. (2003).Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic, Science, 299 (5605), 389-392. Halpern, B. S. and Warner R. S. (2002). Marine Reserves Have Rapid and Lasting Effects, Ecology Letters, 5, 361-366. Jackson, J. B. C. (2001). What Was Natural in the Coastal Oceans? , Procedures of the National Academy of Science U. S. A. 98, 5411-5418. Myers, R. A. , Worm, B. (2005). Extinction, Survival or Recovery of Large Predatory Fishes, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360 (1453), 13-20.

Comparison of Lip Prints, Palatal Rugae With Blood Groups

Comparison of Lip Prints, Palatal Rugae With Blood Groups Title of the article: Comparison of lip prints, Palatal rugae with blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala Population Abstract Background: In the literature there is no data for the study done to compare lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups. Correlating lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups may be valuable in forensic science in precise identification of an individual than by means of lip prints or palatal rugae only. The present study was done to establish the allocation of different lip print patterns and palatal rugae among the subjects having diverse ABO and Rh blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala Population. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised a total of 100 subjects, which included 50 Kerala and 50 Manipuri subjects in the age group of 17-21 years. All the individuals’ lip prints, palatal rugae and blood groups were studied. Statistical comparison between the groups was done by Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for small samples. Results: Type 2 was found to be the predominant lip print pattern (45%) in both the populations. The major rugae shape in both the populations was wavy pattern and less commonly curved and straight. Left side of the palate showed relatively more number of rugae. Blood group A showed highest Type 3 lip print, B showed Type 2 pattern, AB showed Type 1 and Type 3 patterns and O showed Type 2 patterns. In Blood group A, curved palatal rugae were predominant whereas in blood group B, AB and O wavy patterns were predominant. Conclusion: In the present study it is noted that there is no association between lip prints and blood groups. However comparison of palatal rugae with blood groups showed a statistically significant difference. Thus our present showed a correlation between palatal rugae and blood groups. Key words: Blood groups, Kerala Population, Lip prints, palatal rugae, , manipuri Population. Introduction It is based on scientific principles, largely involving dental records, fingerprints and DNA comparisons. At times, it becomes essential to apply slighter known and remarkable techniques like cheiloscopy and palatoscopy. Lip prints and palatal rugae patterns are found to be unique to an individual and therefore embrace the possibility for identification.1-3 Lip prints are common lines, fissures in the appearance of wrinkles and grooves seen in the zone of transition of lip in the middle of the inner labial mucosa and outer skin. Cheiloscopy (from the Greek: cheilos -‘lips’ and skopein ‘to see’) is the given name to the lip pattern studies.3 It is probable to identify that lip print patterns form as before sixth week of uterine life. Since that instant on, the lip patterns hardly ever modify, resisting many afflictions and therefore lip prints assist as a means in human identification. Yasuo Tsuchihashi considered the lip prints of 757 males and 607 females of Japanese subjects and classified them into six types based on shape and way of the grooves.1, 4 Palatal rugae, in adding together are unique to an individual, protected from trauma by their internal location in the head. Once shaped, rugae do not go through any changes with the exception of length, due to regular growth, enduring in the same arrangement right through the complete person’s life. Diseases, chemical violence or trauma do not appear to change the palatal rugae form.5 The purpose of palatal rugae patterns intended for personal recognition was foremost suggested by Harrison Allen in 1889. Thomas and Kotze in 1983 detailed the various patterns of palatal rugae and classified based on the shape, unification, direction, and length.6 In the literature there is no data for the study finished to compare lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups. Correlating lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups may be valuable in forensic science in precise identification of an individual than by means of lip prints or palatal rugae only. The present study was done to establish the allocation of different lip print patterns and palatal rugae among the subjects having diverse ABO and Rh blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala Population. In our study we have also searched for the predominant lip print type and palatal rugae patterns among the persons from Karnataka and Kerala states in India. Material and Methods Subjects The total sample consisted of 100 BDS students studying in Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, involving of 50 subjects (25 male and 25 female) from Karnataka and 50 Kerala subjects (25 male and 25 female), in the age group ranging between 17-21 years. Approval of all the individuals and ethical clearance was also obtained to conduct the study. Each individual subject lip prints, palatal rugae and blood groups were studied. Recording the lip prints Lips free from some pathology, having extremely normal transition zone linking the mucosa and the skin were incorporated in the study. Lips of the subjects were cleaned and lipstick was applied all over the lips. Lip ‘impressions’ were traced in the usual rest place of the lips by applying a ribbon of cellophane tape which is 10cm long. The cellophane strip was consequently fixed on to the white chart paper for everlasting documentation and then the recorded lip prints be visualized with a magnifying lens (Figure 1). Examination of the lip prints Each individual’s lips were divided into 4 compartments and seen for the type of lip print in each compartment (Figure 2). Recording the palatal rugae Alginate impressions of only maxillary arch was prepared and poured by means of dental stone. A dental plaster base was prepared and casts were conserved for analysis. The rugae patterns were traced on these casts using a sharp graphite pencil below sufficient light. The palatal rugae patterns were subsequently explored on these casts with the facility of magnifying lens (Figure 3, 4). Recording the blood groups Each subjects blood groups were evaluated by inserting a drop of blood on the slide furthermore treated by means of anti-A and anti-B sera. Positive agglutination of the blood taking place on treating with anti-A is well thought to be blood group A, positive reaction with anti-B is deliberated as blood group B, if no agglutination is created subsequently the blood group is O and if agglutination is observed with both anti-sera at that time blood group AB is considered. In the same way, positive agglutination response with Rh antigen is well thought to be Rh positive or else as Rh negative. Statistical analysis The data was analyzed for percentage proportions and compared. Statistical comparison between the groups was done by Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for small samples. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Data was analyzed by using software SPSS version 16.0 Results Lip prints Taken as a whole, not even one individual had a single kind of lip prints in all the compartments and no individual had an alike lip print patterns. When sex was assessed in both the populations combined, males demonstrated principally Type 3 lip print pattern (43%) whereas, females showed principally Type 2 (49%). Comparison of all lip print patterns among males and females using the chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference (Table 1). In the Karnataka population, Type 2 lip print pattern was set up to be largest (48%), followed by Type 3 (40%), Type 1 (8%) and Type 5 (4%). Type 1’ and Type 4 patterns were zero in Karnataka population. In Kerala population, Type 2 lip print pattern was established to be predominant (42%), followed by Type 3 (28%), Type 1 (26%) and Type 4 Type 5 (2%) (Table 2). When the overall patterns were evaluated in the entire study subjects (in both Karnataka and Kerala), Type 2 was found to be the majority of all lip print patterns having 45% in contrast to additional types of lip print patterns. The Chi-square test association of all lip print patterns between Karnataka and Kerala population revealed no significant differences except for Type 1 pattern (Tables 2). Palatal rugae The largest rugae shape in all populations was wavy pattern and smallest being curved and straight. However, wavy and curved patterns were predominant in Karnataka compared to Kerala population and whereas straight was slightly more in Kerala population. When unification of rugae was analyzed, diverging type of rugae pattern was predominant in both the populations. However no statistical significant difference was observed. On observing the direction of rugae, forwardly directed rugae were predominant than backwardly directed rugae in both the populations. Inaddition, forwardly directed rugae were more in Karnataka population than Kerala, whereas backwardly directed rugae were more in Kerala population than Karnataka. In Karnataka population left side of the palate demonstrated relatively extra number of rugae apart from right side, whereas in Kerala, right side of the palate showed more number of rugae (Table 3). Blood groups and Rh system Majority of the subjects (44%) in Karnataka population belonged to blood group A; followed by blood group O (34%), B (16%) and AB (6%). Whereas frequency of blood group O (50%) was higher in Kerala population followed by blood group B (34%), A (10%) and AB (6%). In Karnataka population 98% of subjects had Rh-positive factor and only 2% of cases belonged to Rh-negative factor. In Kerala population, 90% of subjects had Rh-positive factor. Comparison of all blood groups between both the populations showed a statistical significant difference only for A and B groups. Inaddition, there was no significant difference observed for Rh-positive and negative factor between both the populations (Table 4). Comparison of Lip prints and palatal rugae in relation to all blood groups Among Blood group A highest was Type 3 lip print pattern (44%), blood group B showed highest Type 2 pattern (48%), blood group AB showed highest Type 1 (50%) and Type 3 (50%) patterns and blood Group O showed highest Type 2 (55%) patterns. On statistical comparison between different lip prints in all the blood groups, no significant difference was observed. In Blood group A, curved palatal rugae (49%) were predominant whereas in blood group B, AB and O wavy patterns were predominant and was also statistically significant (P=0.02) (Table 5). Discussion In forensic identification, the mouth allows for countless possibilities. Compilation of data from bite marks, lip prints and teeth in crime scenes such as murder and rape be capable of playing a major role in criminal investigations. Rarely, noticeable or latent lip prints are established at a crime scene which can be recorded and contrasted with the prints of assumed persons and the donor is able to be recognized. The importance of cheiloscopy is associated to the information that lip prints are genetic, developed at 6th month of uterine life, are permanent, unchangeable after death also, and unique to an individual.2 In the literature, a number of researchers have worked expansively on lip prints, palatal rugae and blood individually for sex and population identification. In addition, there are no studies that compared lip print and palatal rugae with blood groups between two populations. Hence, in the present study an attempt is been made to contrast the lip print patterns and palatal rugae with blood groups in subjects from two different parts of India (i.e. Karnataka and Kerala). In the present study the majority lip pattern seen in males was type 3, and in females it was type 2. This was in accordance with Gondivkar et al.11 When the overall patterns were evaluated among in the entire study subjects, Type 2 was found to be the majority lip print pattern having 45% when compared to additional types of lip print patterns. These results were in accordance with Telagi et al.12, Patel et al.13 and Rastogi et al.2 Within the Karnataka population, Type 2 lip print pattern was established to be largest, followed by Type 3, Type 1 and Type 5. This was in contrast to the study done by Vahanwalla and Parekh in Mumbai, in which they found that type I was predominant.14 Verghese et al. has conducted a study of cheiloscopy in south Karnataka districts in India and showed that type 4 pattern was predominant in Karnataka population, in contrast to our study.1 Within Kerala population, Type 2 lip print pattern was established to be largest, followed by Type 3, Type 1 and Type 4 5. In contrast to our study, According to Verghese et al. Type 4 to be major in both the genders in Kerala population.15 Further, in our study, statistical association of all lip print patterns among Karnataka and Kerala population revealed no significant differences except for Type 1 pattern. The major rugae shape in both the populations was wavy pattern and less commonly curved and straight and which is in with Kapali et al.16 However, in our study wavy and curved patterns were predominant in Karnataka compared to Kerala population. Straight was slightly more in Kerala population than Karnataka population. In addition, in the present study, when unification of rugae was analyzed, diverging type of rugae pattern was predominant in both the populations. On observing the direction of rugae, forwardly directed rugae were predominant than backwardly directed rugae in both the populations. However, forwardly directed rugae were more in Karnataka population than Kerala, whereas backwardly directed rugae were more in Kerala population than Karnataka. When evaluated for the number of palatal rugae in Karnataka and Kerala population left side of the palate showed relatively more number of rugae. This interpretation was similar to Dhoke and Usato et al. who as well reported with the intention that right side of the palate had smaller number of rugae than the left side. This may be owed to the observable fact of regressive advancement, dominating the right side of the palate.10 Further in our study statistical analysis showed that there was no difference found in the total number of rugae seen for shape, unification, direction and side of the palate between the two populations. In the present study the predominant blood group among all the subjects was blood group O. These findings were similar to the results obtained by Bharadwaja et al.17, Rastogi et al.18. Majority of the subjects in Karnataka population belonged to blood group A, whereas the frequency of blood group O was higher in Kerala population. 98% of subjects in the Karnataka population had Rh-positive factor and 90% of Kerala population had Rh-positive factor. Comparison of all blood groups between both the populations showed a statistical significant difference only for A and B groups. Inaddition, there was no significant difference observed for Rh-positive and negative factor between both the populations. Frequency of type 3 lip print pattern was more in Blood group A. Distribution of Type 2 lip print pattern was highest blood group B and O. Further type 1 and type 3 were predominant in blood group AB. When comparison between different lip prints in all the blood groups was done, no statistical significant difference was observed. These results coordinated with earlier studies done by Telagi et al.12 Sandhu et al.19 and Verma et al.20 Coming to the palatal rugae distribution, curved rugae were predominant in Blood group A, whereas in blood group B, AB and O, wavy patterns were predominant. Further on comparison of different rugae patterns among different blood groups showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion In the present study it is noted that there is no association between lip prints and blood groups. However comparison of palatal rugae with blood groups showed a statistically significant difference. Thus our present showed a correlation between palatal rugae and blood groups. Further there are no studies available on palatal rugae comparison with blood group in English language literature search. Thus our study remains the first study to compare both lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups.

Coleriges The Eolian Harp Essay -- essays research papers

A single inanimate object, The Eolian Harp, sends Coleridge flitting in, out, over and through introspection. The trajectory of the poem may be plotted as follows: terrestrial observations, fixation upon single terrestrial item (i.e. the harp), exulting single item into transcendence, an astral purview of the terrestrial via the item, reassessment of mind frame, guilt and denunciation of transcendent thought, and finally, remorse and dismissal of all preceding drivel (as to adequately and respectfully embrace the noumenal realm). Coleridge’s brain waves wend in a circuitous manner, however, the final result is a sentiment-shift regarding man’s position before (or, as Coleridge concludes, beneath) God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stanza one proffers an apostrophic dupe, as Coleridge calls out to his â€Å"pensive Sara†. Pedestrian predictability would indicate an amorous ode, perhaps asserting (due regard given to the title) that Sara is a form of caution thrown to the wind, thus generating sweet music from aforementioned harp. This is immediately proven incorrect, as seen in the succeeding lines. The first stanza curtails with a descriptive rant, offering a sense of conviction, as though it be a poem unto itself. Lines 10 through 12 read: Snatched from yon bean-field! and the world so hushed!/The stilly murmur of the distant sea/Tells us of silence/. The barrage of exclamation in concomitance with mentions of silence serve as a paradox which ultimately muzzles narration. â€Å"Silence† is apropos in halting a poem, as logic indicates that once a poem reaches its end, the mind ceases churning and goes â€Å"silent†. However, in this instance, it may be construed as poe tic device. Acknowledging that the poem (both literally and figuratively) chimes on, the remaining syllables curiously missing from line 12 are transferred to line 13: /And that simplest lute,/. Coleridge once again takes possession of his narrative, linking the two stanzas with a conjunction. Moreover, this line seethes with audible sound, the only tangibly present noun being â€Å"lute†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, with the commencement of Stanza 2, Coleridge begins to divest himself of earthly bodies as to become engrossed in the harp’s presence. First, the harp is only stationed atop the window’s sill. Gradually, Coleridge introduces the components necessary for the harp to function. At line 20... ...with a return to that with which he began: â€Å"/Peace, and this cot, and thee, heart-honored Maid!/. As asserted by the preceding lines, the so coined ‘holier-than-thou’ God is responsible for all fortunes bestowed upon Coleridge. He has also chosen to reveal to the reader that the entire poem was, in fact, an address to his â€Å"heart-honored Maid†. Conceivably, Coleridge has addressed her as such in order to absolve himself of any perceived wrong-doing; specifically in Line 15: /Like some coy maid half yielding to her lover,/. Distinguishing between â€Å"maids†, (one being a trollop, the other a lady of virtue) is a final attempt to get himself ‘off the hook’, colloquially speaking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As delineated in paragraph one, Coleridge’s poetic field is one rampant with erratic thought and ultimate change. The proposed subject of the poem, an eolian harp, is virtually abandoned and replaced with veneration of a God as well as a lover. One would think that such a fickle publication would be kept isolated by its author. Although, Coleridge may have staked importance in showing his adoration for God publicly. Hence, the ingress and resultant revocation of the Eolian Harp. Coleriges The Eolian Harp Essay -- essays research papers A single inanimate object, The Eolian Harp, sends Coleridge flitting in, out, over and through introspection. The trajectory of the poem may be plotted as follows: terrestrial observations, fixation upon single terrestrial item (i.e. the harp), exulting single item into transcendence, an astral purview of the terrestrial via the item, reassessment of mind frame, guilt and denunciation of transcendent thought, and finally, remorse and dismissal of all preceding drivel (as to adequately and respectfully embrace the noumenal realm). Coleridge’s brain waves wend in a circuitous manner, however, the final result is a sentiment-shift regarding man’s position before (or, as Coleridge concludes, beneath) God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stanza one proffers an apostrophic dupe, as Coleridge calls out to his â€Å"pensive Sara†. Pedestrian predictability would indicate an amorous ode, perhaps asserting (due regard given to the title) that Sara is a form of caution thrown to the wind, thus generating sweet music from aforementioned harp. This is immediately proven incorrect, as seen in the succeeding lines. The first stanza curtails with a descriptive rant, offering a sense of conviction, as though it be a poem unto itself. Lines 10 through 12 read: Snatched from yon bean-field! and the world so hushed!/The stilly murmur of the distant sea/Tells us of silence/. The barrage of exclamation in concomitance with mentions of silence serve as a paradox which ultimately muzzles narration. â€Å"Silence† is apropos in halting a poem, as logic indicates that once a poem reaches its end, the mind ceases churning and goes â€Å"silent†. However, in this instance, it may be construed as poe tic device. Acknowledging that the poem (both literally and figuratively) chimes on, the remaining syllables curiously missing from line 12 are transferred to line 13: /And that simplest lute,/. Coleridge once again takes possession of his narrative, linking the two stanzas with a conjunction. Moreover, this line seethes with audible sound, the only tangibly present noun being â€Å"lute†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, with the commencement of Stanza 2, Coleridge begins to divest himself of earthly bodies as to become engrossed in the harp’s presence. First, the harp is only stationed atop the window’s sill. Gradually, Coleridge introduces the components necessary for the harp to function. At line 20... ...with a return to that with which he began: â€Å"/Peace, and this cot, and thee, heart-honored Maid!/. As asserted by the preceding lines, the so coined ‘holier-than-thou’ God is responsible for all fortunes bestowed upon Coleridge. He has also chosen to reveal to the reader that the entire poem was, in fact, an address to his â€Å"heart-honored Maid†. Conceivably, Coleridge has addressed her as such in order to absolve himself of any perceived wrong-doing; specifically in Line 15: /Like some coy maid half yielding to her lover,/. Distinguishing between â€Å"maids†, (one being a trollop, the other a lady of virtue) is a final attempt to get himself ‘off the hook’, colloquially speaking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As delineated in paragraph one, Coleridge’s poetic field is one rampant with erratic thought and ultimate change. The proposed subject of the poem, an eolian harp, is virtually abandoned and replaced with veneration of a God as well as a lover. One would think that such a fickle publication would be kept isolated by its author. Although, Coleridge may have staked importance in showing his adoration for God publicly. Hence, the ingress and resultant revocation of the Eolian Harp.