Western and Chinese landscape painting Research Paper

Western and Chinese landscape painting - Research Paper Example The essay "Western and Chinese landscape painting" compares Western landscape painting with Chinese landscape painting. Most of these landscapes do exist up to now because they were and are still being used as archeological sites. Although landscape painting is believed to have been practiced all over the world, it is the Western and Chinese landscape paintings that are more predominant in archeological sites and art galleries that focus on landscape painting. Western and Chinese cultures depict a wide range of landscape painting. In most paintings, the background always contains a physical feature. In China, this is always accompanied with a waterfall or a mountain while in the West it is accompanied by rivers and lakes . To discus more about Western and Chinese landscape paintings, we will use landscape painting (1), Poet on a Mountain c. 1500 by Shen Zhou, to represent Chinese culture, as well as landscape painting (2), Poppies Blooming by Claude Monet to represent the Western cul ture. In Chinese culture, landscape painting was inspired by philosophy, represented by pure landscape and devoid of human life. Most of the landscapes were based on imaginary sceneries, such as mountain, but there was a common problem in bridging the gap between the foreground and background, or objects in far range. To solve this problem, most Chinese painters used a dead ground or the use of mist. However, in Chinese culture, there was a slight difference between the East and West Asia in the landscape paints.; in West Asia there was the classification of art according to its prestige and cultural value. This practice was known as hierarchy of genres while in East Asia the form of mountain-water ink was the most common and valued form of landscape art. East Asia dealt with imaginary landscape while the West painters dealt with history painting. With time, they required landscape painting and a poem inscribed on the painting with the use of figures to make landscape look more reli gious. A good example is one of the Chinese masterpieces by Shen Zhou which combined the painting and the poem as a religious saying: â€Å"White clouds encircle the mountain waist like a sash. Stone steps mount high into the void where the narrow path leads far. Alone, leaning on my rustic staff I gaze idly into the distance. My longing for the notes of a flute is answered in the murmurings of the gorge5." In Western culture, landscape painting philosophies were based on religious practices and carried significant spiritual weight. Also in the Western culture, artists tried to make the landscape art as real as possible6. In Chinese culture, their landscape painting aesthetics involved a lot of white or blank space, which allowed the observer to fill the void with his or her own imagination enabling different viewers to have different view of the painting, as this will depend on what or how they decided to fill the void. In addition, the Chinese landscape painting allowed the viewe r to focus on a particular image, as most of the paintings were usually blank, as in filled with mist or fog, to scrap the unwanted information, and with focused imagination allowed the observer to express his or her fillings to the image easily. In Western culture, landscape painting aesthetics included all the details that a naked eye could see when looking at a scene and this was to help the viewer to feel as if he or she was present t

Financial Valuation for Microsoft Essay Example for Free

Financial Valuation for Microsoft Essay Using a percent of sales method of forecasting to forecast income statement and balance sheet items that will be used in the valuation. We have devised three different valuation Scenarios, Normal Case, Best Case and Worst Case Scenario. 2. The Sales growth varied under each scenario according to certain assumptions and outlooks about the company 3. Terminal Value is calculated by using the constant Gordon growth model from the horizon year to infinity and then discounting this horizon value to the present at the WACC. 4. After discounting FCFF and adding them to the terminal value. The resulting value is divided by number of shares to reach fair price.

Four freedoms :: essays research papers

1 Four freedoms – January 6, 1941 freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear of armed aggression. 1. The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world. 2. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world. 3. The third is freedom from want -- which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -- everywhere in the world. 4. The fourth is freedom from fear -- which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-- anywhere in the world. his Four Freedoms speech did promise America's "full support" for the Allied cause. On August 14, 1941, President Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill confirmed the Four Freedoms as joint war aims in the Atlantic Charter. Atlantic Charter (declaration of U.S. into the war and to fight Germany first, and Japan second) 1. At the Casablanca Conference, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met and agreed on the term of â€Å"unconditional surrender.† At the Tehran Conference, the Big Three (Wilson, Churchill, and Josef Stalin, leader of Russia) met and agreed that the Soviets and Allies would launch simultaneous attacks At the Potsdam Conference, the Allies issued an ultimatum: surrender or be destroyed II. Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal? 1. A final conference of the Big Three had taken place at Yalta in February 1945, where Soviet leader Joseph Stalin pledged that Poland should have a representative government with free elections, as would Bulgaria and Romania, but he broke those promises. 2. At Yalta, the Soviet Union had agreed to attack Japan three months after the fall of Germany, but by the time the Soviets entered the Pacific war, the U.

The Great Dr. Jose Rizal

â€Å"It is a useless life that is not consecrated to a great ideal. It is like a stone wasted on the field without becoming a part of any edifice. â€Å" Jose Rizal, a man with so many accomplishments, gives all of us inspiration to put diligence and hard work in all the things we do. I am amazed that even though Rizal’s life has become sort of a series of unfortunate events, he still made it yield a positive and favorable outcome for his nation and countrymen. While he was in exile, he didn’t mind the fact that he was sent to Dapitan to live like a prisoner and yet he still managed to become abundantly fruitful with varied achievements for he practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted community development projects, engaged in farming and commerce and many others. Despite his many activities, he kept an extensive correspondence with his beloved family, relatives, fellow reformists, and his friends who were eminent scientists and scholars of Europe. It is only when it was mentioned in the documentary have I realized that Rizal never left the country to his own purpose and advantage, but to extend even greater his sacrifice for the sake of the Filipinos. Rizal truly was a person for his countrymen, he truly was a patriot and nationalistic for he never wanted to see his fellow countrymen being oppressed and being exploited -what made Jose Rizal stand out of the others as a hero to a nation. He truly was a man of action, he did not only look over the people nor just tell people what to do, and he helped them in their everyday work. Rizal was intelligent and yet very humble. He always put his countrymen first before him as well he never failed to express how he loved so much his family and the people he held close to his heart through his letters to them all throughout. These are credible and more than enough reasons for me to justify that Rizal is our hero, our inspiration and our lesson of the past that just like him, we should also strive hard to live honorably and be a man for our country.

Advantage And Disadvantage Of CCTV

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is a camera which is used to produce images or recordings for surveillance purposes. CCTV can be either video cameras, or digital stills cameras. Video cameras are either analogue or digital, which means that they work on the basis of sending analogue or digital signals to a storage device such as a video tape recorder or desktop computer or laptop computer wherelse digital stills cameras can take excellent pictures in most situations and can be plugged into the USB port of any computer and pictures can be taken of any camera scene.The name of the CCTV camera’s inventor is Marie Van Brittan Brown. CCTV is usually installed in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. In this days and age, it is critical to take security seriously. Some people think that only businesses and commercial properties need good security, but it is not only that our homes need good security too. Wit h the rapid increase of crime rates and breaking and entering, it is very important to mull over the available security options and choose one that is the best fit for us.Therefore using CCTV cameras and equipment is one of the most popular and cost effective ways of providing security in the home and place of work. The reason why CCTV cameras is used because it can act as a very successful deterrent to thieves and burglars, certainly making them think twice at the very least. The technology these days have made our work much easier. For example, it is even possible to hook the cameras up to an ordinary television or computer to watch the footage. In this report we are going to discuss on the pros and corns of a CCTV camera system.BODY:The use of CCTV (close circuit television) cameras in streets, stations, shops and other public places has increased rapidly in recent years. I completely agree with the statement above. We can’t overlook at the importance of CCTV in our daily lives. Indirectly CCTV makes our lives much easier because it protects the public, buildings and vehicles. One of the importance of CCTV are to prevent crime. All of us are worried about crime. CCTV cameras can not only catch criminals in the act, but the existence of CCTV systems can make a would-be criminal think twice beforecommitting any wrong-doing. There are many different types of crimes, including from crimes against persons to victimless crimes and also violent crimes to white collar crimes. Crimes against persons are also called personal crimes. For example, murder, forced attack, rape, and robbery. Next is a victimless crime. It is an offense that lacks an exclusive victim who is the object of the crime. This offense is usually against society itself through norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs.For example when someone smokes or uses cocaine they are going against cultural values about apposite behavior. They are eventually committing a crime, but there is no direct vict im, as there is when someone is robbed or murdered. Other example includes prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug. White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people of high social status. For example, stealing money from one’s employer, insider trading and tax evasion. All this kind of crimes can be prevented by using a CCTV camera.There were some researchers conducted on the use of CCTV cameras and they found that surveillance systems were most effective in parking lots. The use of CCTV cameras resulted in a 51% decrease in crime As we all know CCTV cameras helps in preventing crime. Besides preventing crime CCTV cameras have other functions too which are beneficial to us. CCTV cameras can be used as a useful piece of evidence in lawsuits. In legal cases of robbery and other forms of crime, videos and images provided by the CCTV camera system can serve as a valid proof and evidence against the defaulter.To be more specific if a crime is committed around us and the person accused of committing the crime was caught on camera, we will have an extra and strong piece of evidence for a court case. To confirm that the person accused did indeed commit the crime, jurors and judges can watch footage or view photos that was recorded and captured from the security cameras. By doing so not only will we be preventing the same person from causing us more trouble in the future, but we'll be helping out our entire community. Eventually, this useful piece of evidence by the CCTV camera can help law enforcement to solve crime.Whenever someone is caught on CCTV camera committing a crime, police and other law enforcement officials resembling customs officers, probation officers, immigration officers, and corrections officers can use the footage to release video or photos to the public via various media outlets like newspapers, magazines and internet. Many of us don’t realize that having a picture of the suspect can make a world of difference when it comes to making an arrest and getting dangerous criminal off the street. Besides those that was stated above, with the use of CCTV camera we are able to keep an eye on children, elderly folks and things.Many of us are too busy out there that we are not aware of what is going on at home. With a CCTV system at home, we will be able to monitor the safety of children and elderly folks while we are away. More to the point, we can also keep an eye on maid and make sure nothing out of the ordinary is going on. That is if we were to keep track on what’s happening at home. What if it’s about work? If we can't be at the office all the time but like to know what's going on, installing a security camera can help do just that.We can keep an eye on things from our home computer with a few quick clicks of your mouse and at the same time we can make sure our work related matter is running smoothly and nothing out of the ordinary is going on. If we have our own business and staff working un der us, CCTV is the best equipment that can protect our staff physically against violence from customers. At the same time, it can also protect them against false accusations that perhaps may be coming from colleagues or even from client and customers.It is also helpful to keep track on the activities of the staff. Although we are told that a CCTV camera help in the fight against crime and has many benefits, however some people are opposed to their use. They believe that everyone has a right to privacy. As we all know where there is good there is bad also. Invasion of privacy is the major issue that everyone would bring up when it comes to any security system device like the CCTV camera system. The role of CCTV cameras is to constantly monitor the activities of people working and living in a location.This actuality alone upsets people, mainly because many of us simply don't like our privacy being marched into. We don’t look at the reason why the CCTV equipment is there. For e xample, when a CCTV camera is installed at a work place all the activities that are done by the employees are being recorded. Basically, it lowers the employee self-esteem and hampers productivity at times. Employees may feel ill at ease due to the constant monitoring of every activity. Besides that, hacking is one of the issues that is related to privacy.The value of CCTV information has increased as the value of shares in market. This results in a higher risk from hackers. Hacking CCTV footage has led to privacy issues. The most common issues and are happening often among our community are images captured by CCTV of naked women distributed across the Internet. Complete protection of public security systems from hackers is definitely not possible. The reason is because the system connects to a network, therefore hackers can hack into the system virtually from outside locations easily.Another example is if there is a CCTV camera installed near an ATM machine, hackers can easily hack the video of that camera and can easily get the pin code and any other information about a customer or ATM user which he wants. Therefore, installing a CCTV camera in the wrong place could lead to a privacy violation. Property managers should play their role by being sure they're not acquiring any legal risks before setting up CCTV equipment. Besides those disadvantages that were mentioned above there is another disadvantage of CCTV camera.Not everyone can afford to get it because the price range of CCTV camera is from RM1,500 (the cheapest) to RM10 000 and more depending on the brand. The initial cost per camera is high. Moreover the installation of CCTV camera may also increase the initial expenditure depending upon the complexity of the CCTV camera system as well. For example, if a property manager or owner is taking into account to equip a whole building with ample amount of surveillance equipment, then he's looking at quite a bulky bill.Not only that, once CCTV cameras are bou ght they must also be installed correctly by experts and monitored regularly, which eventually drives the cost up. Another disadvantage of CCTV camera system is that they can only monitor a limited area not every area of your office or home at all times. So many people don’t consider it as a foolproof method for crime prevention. Usually most CCTV cameras are installed out of the reach of humans, but sometimes a camera can still get damaged. Criminals who have intention to rob or do crime can vandalize the cameras in various ways, such as sticking gum or spraying something on the lens.With that the CCTV camera will not be able to monitor any wrong doing of theirs. Besides sticking gum and spraying, they may even be able to change the angle of the camera. As we all know technology are evolving all of the time. The same goes for CCTV systems. When older models are replaced by new systems, the result is often a mix of both modern and old cameras, and this can lead to incompatibi lities between systems. Older cameras might also produce low-quality footage that might not be accepted by a court as evidence if continued to be used for long.Other than that, the camera might miss details. For example, a covered weapon which is not immediately visible on a person might not show up on CCTV footage and a CCTV camera might not catch all activity due to its position. CCTV cameras can be sensitive to hostile weather and so are generally installed in sheltered or indoor locations. Lastly, CCTV equipment is sensitive to knocks and can malfunction if interfered with in this way. Therefore, the process of monitoring can be interrupted.CONCLUSION:In a nutshell, CCTV camera has its own pros and corns.  Some people agree that these cameras help in the fight against crime, but not all the five fingers are the same. However some people are opposed to their use because they believe that everyone has a right to privacy. I personally feel that CCTV cameras should be installed in most of the places to decrease the crime rate that is increasing rapidly in our country. One strong reason to support my opinion is despite all these disadvantages CCTV camera still allows us to secure our place to a great deal. I agree that it has disadvantages but we all know nothing is perfect.The disadvantage can be solved by using different methods. These days CCTV cameras are becoming increasingly affordable to install. In order to install CCTV surveillance systems it is a one-time expense. It is better to install a CCTV camera instead of hiring multiple security officers to monitor several different areas of your establishment or town. A handful of officers can practically â€Å"patrol† an area from a comfort that monitors a wide area, reducing manpower costs to provide the same level of security. I would like to stress that CCTV camera is very useful equipment and its advantage outweigh the disadvantage. Advantage And Disadvantage Of CCTV Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is a camera which is used to produce images or recordings for surveillance purposes. CCTV can be either video cameras, or digital stills cameras. Video cameras are either analogue or digital, which means that they work on the basis of sending analogue or digital signals to a storage device such as a video tape recorder or desktop computer or laptop computer wherelse digital stills cameras can take excellent pictures in most situations and can be plugged into the USB port of any computer and pictures can be taken of any camera scene.The name of the CCTV camera’s inventor is Marie Van Brittan Brown. CCTV is usually installed in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. In this days and age, it is critical to take security seriously. Some people think that only businesses and commercial properties need good security, but it is not only that our homes need good security too. Wit h the rapid increase of crime rates and breaking and entering, it is very important to mull over the available security options and choose one that is the best fit for us.Therefore using CCTV cameras and equipment is one of the most popular and cost effective ways of providing security in the home and place of work. The reason why CCTV cameras is used because it can act as a very successful deterrent to thieves and burglars, certainly making them think twice at the very least. The technology these days have made our work much easier. For example, it is even possible to hook the cameras up to an ordinary television or computer to watch the footage. In this report we are going to discuss on the pros and corns of a CCTV camera system. BODY:The use of CCTV (close circuit television) cameras in streets, stations, shops and other public places has increased rapidly in recent years. I completely agree with the statement above. We can’t overlook at the importance of CCTV in our daily lives. Indirectly CCTV makes our lives much easier because it protects the public, buildings and vehicles. One of the importance of CCTV are to prevent crime.All of us are worried about crime. CCTV cameras can not only catch criminals in the act, but the existence of CCTV systems can make a would-be criminal think twice before  committing any wrong-doing. There are many different types of crimes, including from crimes against persons to victimless crimes and also violent crimes to white collar crimes. Crimes against persons are also called personal crimes. For example, murder, forced attack, rape, and robbery. Next is a victimless crime. It is an offense that lacks an exclusive victim who is the object of the crime. This offense is usually against society itself through norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs.For example when someone smokes or uses cocaine they are going against cultural values about apposite behavior. They are eventually committing a crime, but there is no direct victim, as there is when someone is robbed or murdered. Other example includes prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug. White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people of high social status. For example, stealing money from one’s employer, insider trading and tax evasion. All this kind of crimes can be prevented by using a CCTV camera.There were some researchers conducted on the use of CCTV cameras and they found that surveillance systems were most effective in parking lots. The use of CCTV cameras resulted in a 51% decrease in crime As we all know CCTV cameras helps in preventing crime. Besides preventing crime CCTV cameras have other functions too which are beneficial to us. CCTV cameras can be used as a useful piece of evidence in lawsuits. In legal cases of robbery and other forms of crime, videos and images provided by the CCTV camera system can serve as a valid proof and evidence against the defaulter.To be more specific if a crime is committed around us and the person accused of committing the crime was caught on camera, we will have an extra and strong piece of evidence for a court case. To confirm that the person accused did indeed commit the crime, jurors and judges can watch footage or view photos that was recorded and captured from the security cameras. By doing so not only will we be preventing the same person from causing us more trouble in the future, but we'll be helping out our entire community. Eventually, this useful piece of evidence by the CCTV camera can help law enforcement to solve crime.Whenever someone is caught on CCTV camera committing a crime, police and other law enforcement officials resembling customs officers, probation officers, immigration officers, and corrections officers can use the footage to release video or photos to the public via various media outlets like newspapers, magazines and internet. Many of us don’t realize that having a picture of the suspect can make a world of difference when it c omes to making an arrest and getting dangerous criminal off the street. Besides those that was stated above, with the use of CCTV camera we are able to keep an eye on children, elderly folks and things.Many of us are too busy out there that we are not aware of what is going on at home. With a CCTV system at home, we will be able to monitor the safety of children and elderly folks while we are away. More to the point, we can also keep an eye on maid and make sure nothing out of the ordinary is going on. That is if we were to keep track on what’s happening at home. What if it’s about work? If we can't be at the office all the time but like to know what's going on, installing a security camera can help do just that.We can keep an eye on things from our home computer with a few quick clicks of your mouse and at the same time we can make sure our work related matter is running smoothly and nothing out of the ordinary is going on. If we have our own business and staff workin g under us, CCTV is the best equipment that can protect our staff physically against violence from customers. At the same time, it can also protect them against false accusations that perhaps may be coming from colleagues or even from client and customers.It is also helpful to keep track on the activities of the staff. Although we are told that a CCTV camera help in the fight against crime and has many benefits, however some people are opposed to their use. They believe that everyone has a right to privacy. As we all know where there is good there is bad also. Invasion of privacy is the major issue that everyone would bring up when it comes to any security system device like the CCTV camera system. The role of CCTV cameras is to constantly monitor the activities of people working and living in a location.This actuality alone upsets people, mainly because many of us simply don't like our privacy being marched into. We don’t look at the reason why the CCTV equipment is there. F or example, when a CCTV camera is installed at a work place all the activities that are done by the employees are being recorded. Basically, it lowers the employee self-esteem and hampers productivity at times. Employees may feel ill at ease due to the constant monitoring of every activity. Besides that, hacking is one of the issues that is related to privacy.The value of CCTV information has increased as the value of shares in market. This results in a higher risk from hackers. Hacking CCTV footage has led to privacy issues. The most common issues and are happening often among our community are images captured by CCTV of naked women distributed across the Internet. Complete protection of public security systems from hackers is definitely not possible. The reason is because the system connects to a network, therefore hackers can hack into the system virtually from outside locations easily.Another example is if there is a CCTV camera installed near an ATM machine, hackers can easily hack the video of that camera and can easily get the pin code and any other information about a customer or ATM user which he wants. Therefore, installing a CCTV camera in the wrong place could lead to a privacy violation. Property managers should play their role by being sure they're not acquiring any legal risks before setting up CCTV equipment. Besides those disadvantages that were mentioned above there is another disadvantage of CCTV camera.Not everyone can afford to get it because the price range of CCTV camera is from RM1,500 (the cheapest) to RM10 000 and more depending on the brand. The initial cost per camera is high. Moreover the installation of CCTV camera may also increase the initial expenditure depending upon the complexity of the CCTV camera system as well. For example, if a property manager or owner is taking into account to equip a whole building with ample amount of surveillance equipment, then he's looking at quite a bulky bill.Not only that, once CCTV cameras are bought they must also be installed correctly by experts and monitored regularly, which eventually drives the cost up. Another disadvantage of CCTV camera system is that they can only monitor a limited area not every area of your office or home at all times. So many people don’t consider it as a foolproof method for crime prevention. Usually most CCTV cameras are installed out of the reach of humans, but sometimes a camera can still get damaged. Criminals who have intention to rob or do crime can vandalize the cameras in various ways, such as sticking gum or spraying something on the lens.With that the CCTV camera will not be able to monitor any wrong doing of theirs. Besides sticking gum and spraying, they may even be able to change the angle of the camera. As we all know technology are evolving all of the time. The same goes for CCTV systems. When older models are replaced by new systems, the result is often a mix of both modern and old cameras, and this can lead to incompa tibilities between systems. Older cameras might also produce low-quality footage that might not be accepted by a court as evidence if continued to be used for long.Other than that, the camera might miss details. For example, a covered weapon which is not immediately visible on a person might not show up on CCTV footage and a CCTV camera might not catch all activity due to its position. CCTV cameras can be sensitive to hostile weather and so are generally installed in sheltered or indoor locations. Lastly, CCTV equipment is sensitive to knocks and can malfunction if interfered with in this way. Therefore, the process of monitoring can be interrupted. CONCLUSION: In a nutshell, CCTV camera has its own pros and corns.Some people agree that these cameras help in the fight against crime, but not all the five fingers are the same. However some people are opposed to their use because they believe that everyone has a right to privacy. I personally feel that CCTV cameras should be installed in most of the places to decrease the crime rate that is increasing rapidly in our country. One strong reason to support my opinion is despite all these disadvantages CCTV camera still allows us to secure our place to a great deal. I agree that it has disadvantages but we all know nothing is perfect.The disadvantage can be solved by using different methods. These days CCTV cameras are becoming increasingly affordable to install. In order to install CCTV surveillance systems it is a one-time expense. It is better to install a CCTV camera instead of hiring multiple security officers to monitor several different areas of your establishment or town. A handful of officers can practically â€Å"patrol† an area from a comfort that monitors a wide area, reducing manpower costs to provide the same level of security. I would like to stress that CCTV camera is very useful equipment and its advantage outweigh the disadvantage.

How the U.S. Is Countering Terrorism

How the U.S. Is Countering Terrorism Terrorism is not new, nor is the practice of trying to prevent it through  counterterrorism  measures. But as the number of terrorist attacks has skyrocketed in the 21st century, the United States and other nations have had to become much more proactive in defending their citizens from such violence.   Counterterrorism in the U.S. The U.S. government has made fighting terrorism a priority since the early 1970s, following the terrorist attacks on the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, and several airline hijackings. But it was the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks that made counterterrorism a pillar of domestic and foreign policy in the U.S. and beyond. The RAND Corporation, a defense policy think tank, defines the ongoing war on terror this way: Counterterrorism, since 2001, threatens terrorist safe havens, infiltrates terrorists financial and communications networks, hardens critical infrastructure, and connects the dots among the intelligence and law enforcement communities... Several federal agencies play critical roles in contemporary counterterrorism, both domestically and internationally, and often their efforts overlap. Among the most important are: Department of Homeland Security: The lead agency in charge of all domestic anti-terrorism and security activities.Department of State: Manages  the development and implementation of all U.S. government policies and programs aimed at countering terrorism overseasOffice of the Director of National Intelligence: Coordinates the gathering, analysis, and sharing of data among federal intelligence agencies such as the FBI and CIA.Federal Bureau of Investigation: Executes counterterrorism actions such as surveillance and investigation in conjunction with other law-enforcement agents at the local, state, and federal level.Central Intelligence Agency: Collects, analyzes, and shares international intelligence and data to inform and carry out U.S. foreign policy.National Counterterrorism Center: Plans  and coordinates counterterrorism policies and programs among federal agencies Fighting terrorism isnt limited to these agencies. The Department of Justice, for example, is responsible for prosecuting terror-related criminal cases, while the Department of Transportation frequently works on security issues with Homeland Security. State and local law enforcement agencies are often involved in some capacity as well.   On an international level, the U.S. government frequently cooperates with other countries on matters of security. The United Nations, NATO, and other nongovernmental organizations also have established counterterrorism policies of their own. Types of Counterterrorism Generally speaking, counterterrorism efforts have two goals: to protect the nation and its citizens from attack and to neutralize threats and actors who would attack the U.S. Defensive measures can be simple, like placing concrete bollards in front of buildings to stop an explosive-laden vehicle from getting too close. Video surveillance of public areas coupled with facial-recognition technology is another, considerably more advanced defensive counterterrorism measure. The security lines at U.S. airports, operated by the Transportation Security Agency, are yet another example. Offensive counterterrorism measures can range from surveillance and sting operations to arrests and criminal prosecutions to seizing financial assets and military action. In February 2018, for example, the Treasury Department froze the assets of six people known to conduct business with Hezbollah, an Islamic organization the U.S. has labeled a terrorist organization. The 2011 raid by Navy Special Forces on Osama bin Ladens Pakistan compound, which resulted in the death of the Al Qaeda leader, is one of the best-known examples of successful military counterterrorism activity. Sources Jenkins, Brian. Bush, Obama, And Trump: The Evolution Of U.S. Counterterrorist Policy Since 9/11. ICT.org.il. 24 September 2017.Lederman, Joshua. Taking Aim at Iran, US Hits Hezbollah With New Sanctions. StarTribune.com.  2 February 2018.Roser, Max; Nagdy, Moses; and Ritchie, Hannah. Terrorism. OurWorldInData.org. January 2018.United Nations staff. UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. UN.org.  United States Department of State. Country Reports on Terrorism 2016. State.gov. July 2017.

How to Build the Ultimate PC essays

How to Build the Ultimate PC essays For the case I chose the AOpen HX08 full tower ATX computer case. It comes with 7 high expansion slots and 13 drive bays to allow upgrade to your hearts content. Its dimensions are 420mm depth x 590mm height x 198mm width. Bend in edges ensures safe assembly and installation so you wont get cut. It has three 8cm fans and holes poked into the case to ensure cooling. I would upgrade the 300-watt power supply that comes with the case to the Enermax EG651P-VE power supply, which is 550 watts. For the processor I chose the 2.4 GHz Intel Pentium 4 processor that is also the fastest on the market. It has a 400 MHz front side bus with 512kb cache. To be able to harvest this processor I would buy the ASUS P4T-E motherboard. The motherboard has 5 PCI slots, 4 USB ports, an ATA 100 controller, one 4x AGP pro slot, system bus speed up to 400mhz, memory capacity of 2GB, it uses the Intel 850 chipset, and uses PC 800 RDRAM. Next up I would buy two single Toshiba 512mb PC 800 RDRAM chips to have a total of 1024MB of ram. Toshiba offers a lifetime warranty with these. The more RAM that your computer haves, the faster it can perform and prevent lockups. I would add the Adaptec ASC-29160N Ultra SCSI adapter. It is the fastest SCSI adapter on the market. With a data transfer rate of 160 MB per second it leaves its competition in the dust. It out performs its competition the Ultra ATA 100 by 60 MB per second. To take full effect of this adapter I choose 2 Seagate Cheetah 73 ST173404LCV hard drives. For a total of 146 gigabytes you will be happy for a long time. It has rotation speed of 10,000 rotations per minute. The highest rotation speed of an ATA hard drive is 7,200 rpm. It has a faster seek time then the Ultra ATA hard drives. The fastest seek time of an Ultra ATA hard drive is 8.9ms. The fastest seek time of an average Ultra 160 SCSI hard drive is 5.2ms. The Ultra SCSI comes with a 4mb buffer cache while the Ultra ATA comes with a 2mb bu...

The Aim of a Psychology Case Study and 3 Steps to Effectively Reach It

The Aim of a Psychology Case Study and 3 Steps to Effectively Reach It The Aim of a Psychology Case Study and 3 Steps to Effectively Reach It Case studies are a type of written assessment used in a range of disciplines that you might be studying at college or university. In this article, we are going to be taking a look at the format required for a case study if you are studying Psychology. What is a Psychology Case Study? In the context of the study of psychology, a case study is an in-depth investigation of a single person, a group of people, a specific event, or a defined community. It is a way of bringing together data from a range of different sources and methods. It’s a form of research most closely associated with Sigmund Freud. The data that you might seek to include in your psychology case study is an observation of the subject’s daily routine, unstructured interviews with the subject, review of diaries or personal documents as well as the review of more formal documents such as medical files or clinical notes. Most of the data that you will be reviewing and presenting in your case study will be qualitative data. You would most likely supplement this qualitative data with numerical data that you have also collected. When you are analyzing the data that you are presenting in your case study, you will be applying one of the accepted psychology theories. These include a grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis, or text interpretation such as thematic coding. Step 1: Observation If you are applying the case study approach to a subject in your psychology studies, often you will be required to observe the subject, or to try and reconstruct the case history of the subject that you are studying. This is described as the idiographic approach. Step 2: Data Data that you may want to include in your case study could include the subjects medical records, employer reports, school reports, or psychological test results. This phase of the process will generally include an interview with the subject and other people relevant to the experience of the subject, such as the subject’s friends, parents, employer, work colleagues, or other relevant people. Step 3: Interpretation The researcher needs to be competent enough to be able to understand what their observation and data collection is telling them. The case study format is designed to enable the researcher to interpret all of the available information so that they can provide insights and assessment regarding the subject of the study. Psychological case studies are an effective way to present available data and provide vivid insight into your chosen subject. However, case studies are not perfect they are only dealing with the specific subject, so it is not a given interpretation or insights of the case study can be applied to any other subjects or in a wider context. Also, the strength of the psychological case study is in the competence and interpretative abilities of the researcher. This is a subjective analysis of qualitative data and information, so different researchers will most likely reach different conclusions depending on the interpretation they make. Even Freud was criticised for producing case studies in which it seemed that the available information had been distorted to suit the behavioral theories that he was wanting to present.

Management Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Management Information Systems - Essay Example omplete inherent chip intelligence has an added advantage in that their layering of the security tools ensure better encryption capabilities that are not existing on other conventional methods of payment such as the magnetic strips of the credit and debit cards, hence this will reduce any chances of counterfeiting and skimming of the payment methods (Coskun, 2012). Also security is largely depends on proximity and since the customer will hold the card near the NFC reader to make payment goes ahead to strengthen the security. By using NFC technology to make your payments is very convenient in the sense that it simplifies the process for the users to make instant payment through their phones or tablets. Using this payment method is considerably very simple to use and understand. It enables the customers perform financial transactions by simply touching the phone screens One of the most exclusive benefit of NFC is the employment of contactless payment. This allows customers to swipe their phone over a card reader without the necessity to using debit or credit card or even cash. This technology also allows the customer to select from multiple card to determine which one he/she wishes to use for any given transaction. With this feature the customer is able to save time and the possibility of losing their cards in the process (IEEE, 2012). Another of the beneficial implications of the near field technology to the customers today is their versatility. Their ability to cover a variety of uses and its ease of use using a regular device we carry dairy is very significant (IEEE, 2012). A customer can be able to do a variety of things such as read information from the NFC tags, pay for groceries or even pay for a taxi. With the rapid growth in the smartphone usage combined with the importance the NFC technology adds to it, customers will have whatever they need at any given time without having to pull out a wallet, cards or tickets (Ahson, 2012). NFC technology come with

Informing Clothing Customers on Potential Skin Irritation Assignment

Informing Clothing Customers on Potential Skin Irritation - Assignment Example From this discussion it is clear that  in analyzing the situation: the general purpose of the announcement is to inform the general public on the skin irritation concerns of the tag less children clothing. The specific purpose of this announcement is to inform the affected children’s parents or guardians of the remedy measure or solution to the skin irritation problem. After receiving the message; we expect the customers to understand that we will solve the irritation problem by, manufacturing only clothes which have label texts printed directly on fabric. The primary audience for our message are our customer; parents who buy clothing products for their children. The background of the audience is they are parents residing mostly in the USA, and they have children. The audience members are different from each other. Some audiences are young parents, whereas others are old parents.  As the report highlights the audiences are, however, similar to each other because they all r eside in USA, have children, and take care of children through providing basic need like clothing. The reaction of the customers to the message is likely to be positive; this builds customer loyalty because the company addresses their complaints concerning clothing products. The company addresses irritation problem through; manufacturing clothes that have labels printed directly on the fabric.  In gathering information: the customers require solution information for the irritation problem.  

Legal Aspects Of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Aspects Of Nursing - Essay Example The bed restraints were meant for not only securing the patient from much movement but also for ensuring his safety against falling from the height of the bed, which would be fatal. In this regard therefore, the nurses would be said to have responded appropriately to ensure the safety of the patient through the application of the principles. However, as the excerpt reveals, despite the great effort taken by the nurses to ensure the safety of Mr. Abraham, he eventually manages to untie himself from the restraints and in efforts to climb down the bed, he falls and sustains serious head injuries from which he later succumbs. From a legal point of view, the nurses would have applied other principles to ensure more safety to the patient besides what had been done. For instance, when they noted the patient’s unrest, they would have probably administered sleep-inducing medicine to the patient in order to have him asleep as they carried out their tests. Besides, one-hour intervals of monitoring such a patient who showed higher chances of untying himself was long durations and the nurses ought to have adopted lesser periods in order to be effective. Through the relatively shorter periods, the nurses would have probably chanced on the patient before the fall. Moreover, we would reason that the nurses failed to prioritize on the patient as is seen from the statement that they visited him on hourly intervals from the room he was restrained from as he awaited tests and treatment. From a legal point, this would be interpreted as negligence on the part of nurses because they would have prioritized on attending to the patient as a safety measure. Failure to have employed these measures by nurses in effect is blamed to have resulted to the injury, which... There is no greater ethical duty to such a patient than as accorded in the case scenario. Ethics explain an acceptable code of conduct by individuals within a given context. In this case, therefore, the patient portrayed no ethical behavior as described by his intention to leave the hospital and go for revenge in the bar besides being assisted by the nurses and the fire rescue to safety. It would be interpreted morally wrong and ethically accepted behavior where the patient shows no sense of cooperation when being assisted by the nurses. In fact, it is more wrong to have the patient struggle to untie the wrist and chest restraints as applied by the medical staff for having him cooperate as tests and treatment were done on him. Such efforts by the practicing nurses and the fire rescue indicate very high ethical concerns towards the patient and under such, no higher duty would be accorded to him than this. Life is interpreted to be very precious and as such, despite his condition of being drunk and unruly, the nurses and other persons in contact with such a patient has the ethical responsibility of saving his life. It is also ethical to handle the patient with care as the family members would reiterate and accord him the respect due to human beings. Finally, it would be ethical to have such a patient attended to quickly, which would reduce the level of suffering that the patient would be undergoing from the injuries sustained before. It is ethically correct for the nurses to minimize the level of pain suffered by a patient.

The Bank of Enlgand's M.P.C. Has Allowed the C.P.I. Inflation Rate to Coursework

The Bank of Enlgand's M.P.C. Has Allowed the C.P.I. Inflation Rate to Stay above its 2% Target for More than Two Years - Coursework Example Aggregate demand is said to be the total demand of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of an economy and its components are the consumption (C), investment (I), government expenditure (G), and net exports (X-M) which is the imports subtracted from exports (Investopedia, n.d.). Along with aggregate demand, there is the aggregate supply which is the total supply of the Gross Domestic Product and it is the total of the goods and services produced in the economy. The diagram on the right shows the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curve which help to signify the inflation rates and the GDP in the economy. Inflation rates are calculated by different measures which are namely the Consumer Price Index (CPI), Retail Price Index (RPI), and RPIX. Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to measure the price level of the consumer goods and services in the economy. Retail Price Index (RPI) is the measure of inflation by measuring the change in the prices of retail goods and services. RPIX is a measur e which is dominantly used in the United Kingdom and it is the RPI excluding mortgage interest payments. The Bank of England has set a target of an inflation rate of 2% which is considered to be ideal given the circumstances of the UK economy. The inflation rate of 2% is low and very much constant which means that there is stability in the economy. The UK also has set the golden rule which is that the government will only borrow the money in order to invest and not to fulfill the current spending in the economy. This means that the economy will not be leveraged to a greater level to cover the expenses, and money will be borrowed to generate future revenues. The Bank of England works to keep the economy stable and head towards progress, with the help of its fiscal and monetary policies. The Bank of England aims to keep the inflation rates at low and constant level which generates investor and consumers’ confidence and it will help to develop the economy in the present as well as in the future. The figure on the right shows a business cycle which represents the points which can be experienced by an economy, both good and bad. The peak is the point when the economy is doing its best and economic growth rates are high. At this point, the unemployment rates are on a low but the inflation rates may be high. During the recessionary period, the economy is experiencing lower economic growth and unemployment starts to rise but inflation may or may not be decreasing. The time of trough or slump is when the economy is at its worst in that time and such economy usually faces high unemployment rates and low inflation rates. However once again, the inflation rates may or may not be decreasing as it depends on several other factors too. Inflation can be of two types according to their predictability, which are the anticipated and unanticipated inflation. Anticipated Inflation: Inflation is said to be anticipated when it can be accurately predicted and that it is forese en to be at a specific level in a financial period. Since this inflation is calculated and known, people can protect themselves from its impact. An example of anticipated inflation is when a labor union collectively bargains for a rise in their wages because they have anticipated the inflation rat

Providing Feedback and Communicating About Change Assignment

Providing Feedback and Communicating About Change - Assignment Example fectively but times have changed and new tactics are required for improving efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and for the advancement of your career. Through market research and analysis and using benchmarks, we have come to the conclusion that the 360 Degree feedback method of performance appraisal is very effective in enhancing performance (Clampitt, 2010, p. 161). This will be used alongside management by objectives method for your own self-appraisal. The critical incident method was being considered but we found that it would be unfair to some employees as it requires the discretion of supervisor who is vulnerable to bias. We therefore chose this method as it will also be an indicator of whether all the stakeholders are contented with our services and they can also make recommendations to us on how to improve. This will help the organization achieve success and credibility (Dainton & Zelley, 2010). You also stand to benefit as you will know how other people rate your performance and you can also be able to improve your skills through the training and development we will offer you through this process. Moreover, you also stand to benefit in the end through the various rewards such as promotion and bonuses that will offered. Through this method, each and every employee will be evaluated by different stakeholders including the shareholders, customers, suppliers, supervisors and your fellow colleagues. They will fill out forms regarding how they view your performance and return at the end of every month. After every three months, a meeting will be arranged between you and your supervisors in your respective departments to review your performance and to see how your performance can be improved (Clampitt, 2010). This will assist you to improve on your weak areas and also ensure that production requirements are met in time. Those of you who will perform well will be rewarded at the end of the year with whichever type of reward the management will deem

The Bank of Enlgand's M.P.C. Has Allowed the C.P.I. Inflation Rate to Coursework

The Bank of Enlgand's M.P.C. Has Allowed the C.P.I. Inflation Rate to Stay above its 2% Target for More than Two Years - Coursework Example Aggregate demand is said to be the total demand of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of an economy and its components are the consumption (C), investment (I), government expenditure (G), and net exports (X-M) which is the imports subtracted from exports (Investopedia, n.d.). Along with aggregate demand, there is the aggregate supply which is the total supply of the Gross Domestic Product and it is the total of the goods and services produced in the economy. The diagram on the right shows the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curve which help to signify the inflation rates and the GDP in the economy. Inflation rates are calculated by different measures which are namely the Consumer Price Index (CPI), Retail Price Index (RPI), and RPIX. Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to measure the price level of the consumer goods and services in the economy. Retail Price Index (RPI) is the measure of inflation by measuring the change in the prices of retail goods and services. RPIX is a measur e which is dominantly used in the United Kingdom and it is the RPI excluding mortgage interest payments. The Bank of England has set a target of an inflation rate of 2% which is considered to be ideal given the circumstances of the UK economy. The inflation rate of 2% is low and very much constant which means that there is stability in the economy. The UK also has set the golden rule which is that the government will only borrow the money in order to invest and not to fulfill the current spending in the economy. This means that the economy will not be leveraged to a greater level to cover the expenses, and money will be borrowed to generate future revenues. The Bank of England works to keep the economy stable and head towards progress, with the help of its fiscal and monetary policies. The Bank of England aims to keep the inflation rates at low and constant level which generates investor and consumers’ confidence and it will help to develop the economy in the present as well as in the future. The figure on the right shows a business cycle which represents the points which can be experienced by an economy, both good and bad. The peak is the point when the economy is doing its best and economic growth rates are high. At this point, the unemployment rates are on a low but the inflation rates may be high. During the recessionary period, the economy is experiencing lower economic growth and unemployment starts to rise but inflation may or may not be decreasing. The time of trough or slump is when the economy is at its worst in that time and such economy usually faces high unemployment rates and low inflation rates. However once again, the inflation rates may or may not be decreasing as it depends on several other factors too. Inflation can be of two types according to their predictability, which are the anticipated and unanticipated inflation. Anticipated Inflation: Inflation is said to be anticipated when it can be accurately predicted and that it is forese en to be at a specific level in a financial period. Since this inflation is calculated and known, people can protect themselves from its impact. An example of anticipated inflation is when a labor union collectively bargains for a rise in their wages because they have anticipated the inflation rat

Slavic civilization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Slavic civilization - Term Paper Example This gave them a solid ground and an opportunity to win more souls. This essay therefore aims at looking at the spread of Islam in the Balkans gauging the period from which Islam began to have rather a strong impact on the Slavic in the Balkan. It is therefore very difficult to speak about Islam in various parts of Europe and Asia without reflecting on a brief history of the spread of the Slavic people. The Slavic are an Indo-European speaking people who migrated to various parts of Europe. Presently, they occupy various parts of Central Europe, northern Europe, and southern Europe. They also occupy parts of central and northern parts of Asia. The word Slavic is a term derived from the word ‘slovo’,1 meaning- people who speak the same language. Originally, the term Slavic was used to refer to a people who had common language or culture. The Slavic speaking people are believed to have originated from somewhere in Danube River as shown by that term. The people they were ex posed to when they were travelling regarded the Slavonic people as backward. One reason why they were viewed as primitive was because of the places they inhabited. Early historians believe that the Slavonic majorly inhabited swampy places and those places that were near rivers and lakes. The Slavonics were organized into groups and had no one ruler. They lived a democratic way of life in their social structure, each living in harmony with his neighbor2. They were monotheists, believing in one god, the god of lightning. They sacrificed to this god of lightning majorly cattle, of which they chose the best among what they had. Going by their description, the Slavonic were tall people, who were very hardy and mostly trounced their opponents in battle. Historically, whenever they went to battle against their opponents, they could engage them in a fierce battle, fighting unanimously. This was contrary to how they lived. They lived in isolation but they could approach battle as one, fighti ng a common enemy. Their mode of fighting was unique. They could role the helm of their trousers nearer to their private parts, and bare-chested. They did not have any problem in identifying themselves when in battle. They were almost similar in appearance given their gigantic nature and the way they shove their hair, almost blonde. Guided by the scriptural teachings of Koran, the Muslims took their mission to various parts of the world, including to the Slavic people. The Muslims believed that they had an obligation to defend their religion. This formed the basis of fighting to convert people to the new faith. They believed that it was their right; as Prophet Mohammed required that Islamic faith was to be guarded3. This could be the reason why they waged wars, wars they commonly called Jihad (holy war) before it lost its meaning. The Jihad war was waged just to protect the Islam religion from losing its influence. It was believed to be one way of ensuring that other rival religions especially Christians do not influence win over the already converted Muslims. The spread of Islam in Europe began with the imprisonment of one Muslim who much later was given a mandate to teach. He taught Islamic religion to many people who were later converted to Islam. It must be acknowledged that the spread of Islam did not take place effectively through war. People easily got converted voluntarily through teaching than when war was used. This explains why it was voluntary teaching that helped

The Life and Poetry of Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay Example for Free

The Life and Poetry of Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay Poetry is the rhythm of every writers soul. It varies in distinction from one artist or poet to the next. Poems dont generally appeal to the greatest number of individuals, and they could hardly be regarded as a popular or esoteric form of entertainment. But the writer Edwin Arlington Robinson; and the proficient body of work hes accomplished in his poetry over the extent of his writing career, and perhaps essentially, his life, appears to negate or depart from the aforementioned sentiment. The three-time Pulitzer Prize-winning writer, evokes in his poetry, aspects of humanity which most every individual are able to identify with. Robinsons capacity to encompass and evoke the aforementioned sentiments in his poetry has led him to be regarded and aptly dubbed as a â€Å"people poet,† and by the time of his death on 1935, the writer whose poetry was admired by president Theodore Roosevelt himself, was widely regarded and recognized as a leading American poet of his era and generations to come, establishing him along the likes and ranks of fellow American poet, Robert Frost. Edwin Arlington Robinson was born the oldest son of Edward Robinson and Mary Palmer on December 22, 1869 in Gardner, Maine to a particularly well-to-do family. He had two brothers siblings who didnt share or enjoy his particular successes. One of them was a doctor who eventually became a drug addict, and the other was an alcoholic who fueled his addiction by squandering the family fortune. Robinson did not marry like his brothers did, but he claimed to have fallen in love more than once, and despite shyness, the poet had a significant number of close friends (Donaldson). Robinson learned to acknowledge early on that poetry was his calling. Although his initial works were not as well received as his later writings, the poet nonetheless pursued and consummated this particular interest which he claimed was the only thing he knew how to do. He took classes in French, English and Shakespeare in Harvard for a brief period of two years until he was forced to leave at the instance of his fathers death. He wrote copiously and exhaustively after his fathers funeral, and much to his initial reluctance, he obligingly took the role of becoming man of the house (Porter). Like many writers, artists and poets, and despite being born into a rich family, Robinson suffered through a period of poverty which lasted several years, mainly because his brother had already depleted the fortune they were born into, and because as a writer, or poet, he wasnt exactly afforded the highest of compensations, let alone was regularly paid or published at all. Writing was Robinsons way of coping with circumstances which were presented to him, and his poetry served as a vivid and artistic reflection, documentation, or perhaps, personal translation of reality as it occurred and unfolded in his private sphere, and elsewhere surrounding him. Robinson was among the first poets to write of ordinary people, of the seeming mundane, trite and hackneyed instances which occurred to individuals in the course of existence on a day-to-day basis. He wrote of butchers, misers, store clerks, and similar seemingly insignificant individuals with a creative eloquence which rendered the ordinary people he was referring to as exquisitely and achingly beautiful pieces and embodiments of humanity in a world that would otherwise be viewed as insufferable and humdrum. He captured the plight of every working man, although he was not necessarily one of them. And the particular theme afforded by his poetry differed from what other writers and poets in 19th century America were expressing and indulging in, this separated Robinson from the pack and established him as a distinct and unique voice of his era (Donaldson). Robinsons close attention and sensitivity to rhythm, harmony and sound is largely evident in every word, line and stanza which constitute his poetry. This sentiment is most evident in his perhaps most widely recognized poem entitled â€Å"Richard Cory,† a lyrical verse neatly written and composed of traditional rhyming verses which simply begged to be read aloud. Its content, however, is in no way traditional for its time, and as what has been already mentioned, the verses, when read aloud, are delightfully and enormously pleasant to listen to. In it, Robinson relates an intriguing narration of a man named – as the title already connotes – Richard Cory, who appeared to be graced with all the fine, fortunate, and maybe even enviable characteristics a gentleman of Robinsons era could possess. This much is recounted throughout the extent of the relatively short, four-stanza poem, which culminates in an exquisitely tragic irony which evinces the talent and creative genius of Edwin Arlington Robinson, the poem begins by relating: Whenever Richard Cory went down town, / We people on the pavement looked at him: / He was a gentleman fromsole to crown, / Clean-favoured and imperially slim † (Robinson). Although the poem doesnt necessarily center on the previously mentioned theme which runs rife in Robinsons work – that is to say, the plight of the common working man – it nonetheless incorporates a sentiment of the said themed ordinariness in the verse when Robinson, or the narrating voice in the poem pronounces â€Å"we people on the pavement looked at him The tone of the poem then appears to be told from the perspective of the proletariat, the working class, the common people, or to put it crudely, the poor. The poet remains faithful to the individuals which exist as the central concern or topic of most of his other poems. And while Robinson may be speaking from the point of view of the common man in â€Å"Richard Cory,† he affords no prejudiced or ill view towards his rich protagonist; but instead paints a good natured, pleasantly mannered, sympathetic human being who just happened to be wealthy. Painting the person that is Richard Cory as admirable, instead of enviable. Of his protagonist he writes: â€Å"And he was rich, yes, richer than a king, / And admirably schooled in every grace: / In fine – we thought that he was everything / To make us wish that we were in his place. † (Robinson). The poet plays out every line with a neat and simple lyrical recounting, meant to be read for what it is, not camouflaging behind complex play of words and metaphors, or needing to impress under a facade of flamboyant and pretentious words and lyric. The beauty of Robinsons poetry, as evident in Richard Cory exists as such, neat and simple in form and structure, but lyrical, engaging, and addresses a fundamental aspect of humanity significant in any and every era. The concluding verse of â€Å"Richard Cory† affirms this assumption by divulging: â€Å"So on we worked and waited for the light, / And went without meat and cursed the bread, / And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, Went home and put a bullet in his head. † (Robinson). Much like every great work of art, Robinsons poetry – as evident in the poem that is Richard Cory – provokes reflection. It asks individuals to consider the irony which exists and abounds in every persons reality, however fictional its context may be. It also drips of intrigue and tragedy, which are perhaps central elements of piquing human interest, but this is done with a certain preciousness, and even elegance which makes for a reflective and affecting, as opposed to â€Å"entertaining† piece. The culmination of Richard Corys life in suicide exists as both a mystery and an obvious or telling episode in a persons life, both in fiction and the waking reality. It presents a view of humanity which may not appear particularly novel or surprising for most of us today, but is something which should nonetheless be paid close attention to. â€Å"Richard Cory† embodies the precious simplicity as well as affecting irony and genuine heart which exists in Robinsons poetry. The poem affords readers an excerpt of a seeming rudimentary, but infinitely affecting piece of humanity which exists in the confines of rhyme, lyric, harmony that is essentially Edwin Arlington Robinsons poetry. Another fitting example of the poets genius which exists perhaps not as famously and to a different degree, but in a nonetheless exquisite and affecting manner, is Robinsons ode to a fellow poet, eponymously entitled, â€Å"Walt Whitman. † In it, Robinson relates, in tones akin to that of a great admirer of Whitmans, his sentiments on the instance of the esteemed humanist poets death. He begins the poem by pronouncing, â€Å"The master songs are ended, and the man / A name; and so is love, and life, and death Last night it was the song that was the man / But now it is the the man that is the song. † (Robinson). His admiration for Whitman as a fellow poet, a writer of songs and ballads of humanity is evinced in the beauty of the said verse, and in lines in which he speaks of Whitmans poetry and voice as â€Å"too pure for us – too powerfully pure, too lovingly triumphant, and too large (Robinson). These verses serve as a fitting poetic eulogy and remembrance of an equally remarkable poet. The poem culminates in a telling and powerful verse which exists in the following lines, â€Å"No songs are ended that are ever sung, / Mens letters on proud marble or on sand, We write them there forever. † (Robinson). The aforementioned lines hold a significant amount of truth, not only to Whitmans poetry, but to Robinsons and to every individual who commits to making concrete their passions as well. Edwin Arlington Robinson is regarded as a major American poet for this very reason, because the poetry he creates is able to reflect and evoke a great deal of humanity, and at the same time, impact on the realities which occur to every human being as well. The subtle and simple manner by which he approaches poetry, and the visceral and affecting characteristic which is evoked therein, establishes Robinsons prominence, and affords his words an enduring and affecting timeless significance to individuals and the better part of humanity.

Dislike of mathematics amongst secondary students

Dislike of mathematics amongst secondary students DISLIKE OF MATHEMATICS AMONGST SECONDARY STUDENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Why do kids, students and adults seem dislike mathematics? It is quite common for small children to say â€Å"I love numbers†. Do they really know exactly what mathematics is? We always see small children counting numbers from 1 to 10, even sing a song make up from the numbers. But what happen to these children as they grow up? What make them to change their mind to dislike mathematics? Some will roll their eyes or let out a sigh. They give so many reasons, such as â€Å"Its too hard,† â€Å"Im not good at math,† or â€Å"why do I even need Mathematics?† Where does this attitude come from? After being a Mathematics teacher for about 3 years, I have discovered that almost all students in Brunei Darussalam claimed to â€Å"hate mathematics†. This can be seen from their attitude in the class, interaction with the teacher and also the students progress report. The very much sad thing is that students just want to pass the examination without understanding why they have to study mathematics. Still mathematics has the highest failure rate of any subject at school-leaving level. Why does mathematics seem to inspire fear and intimidation in students in secondary schools and even when they are in the higher level. In my childhood, I still remember is that I was not taught how to study mathematics. Like any subject the study of mathematics becomes a pile of information. But if you are taught how to study mathematics then you will never find this problematic. Mathematics cannot be taught one way. Students always stick to the method being taught without seeking the alternative way of the working. These kinds of attitude make mathematics become â€Å"strict to the rule method†. One funny culture about students in Brunei, it is an â€Å"honor† for them to admit they are not good in mathematics, but who would ever admit to NOT being able to Read? This has been passing from generations. Math is an essential subject to maintain our modern way of life. Without mathematics, not much would be possible. So why is it acceptable to become a failure at mathematics? They believe that mathematics only belongs to gifted or genius who wants to become a mathematics teacher, doctor, professor, engineer and lots more. 2. Real Scenario in Brunei From my previous experience as a Mathematics teacher, students in Brunei especially weak classes, tend to show their unwillingness at the start of the lesson. Students still keep wandering around during teacher presence in front .Students are expected to be ready for lesson the moment the teacher steps into the classroom. Textbooks, exercise books and any materials as required by the teacher are to be placed on their desks. Action is usually taken on persistent students who always forget to bring their learning materials, the purpose, which is to teach and instill self-responsibility in the students. However, there are also some students who do not care about the warning given by the class teacher. First task when teaching a class is to correctly understand the students background, their expectations from the course and their willingness to do the required efforts. May be this can be done by conducting a survey or simply just ask them personally. At the beginning of the lesson, for upper secondary level, students will find the topics quite new for them. It is quite a common scene to see students lost their direction at the beginning of the lesson. It is the job of the teacher to interact with them and try to relate the topics to everyday life. What I can say here, the level of ignorance of the students very high towards the subject Mathematics. Students who show interest in studying Mathematics at the beginning of the lesson may also somehow lost their direction as the teacher goes deeper into the subject matter. Students are also required to submit their homework on time. Usually, I begin the lesson by reviewing the homework that has been set during the previous class. Some students do not submit due to difficulties that the students have. Generally teachers are very strict with deadlines for the submission of homework. Overall, there is always a sentiment of anti-mathematics in every class that I taught which can be seen from all aspects of the students. In the next pages, I will explain more on the factors that rise up this critical issue of mathematics. 3. Sign of having problems in Mathematics amongst the students A student with problems in mathematics may shows one or more of the following below: unable to recall basic mathematics rules, or formulas even the teachers have explain repeatedly having difficulties in understanding mathematical work and spend long time in learning simple topics Very low esteem which can seen from their handwriting which is hard to read. Have difficulties in remembering previously encountered questions which have been attempted many times before. Have problem in recall what have been taught in previous class Not confident, hesitate and forget what he or she is doing in the middle of a math problem Have difficulty with the language of mathematics and easily being confused. The students do not know when/how to use the correct theorem/formula for mathematical problems. Easily lost direction or concentration whiles the teachers teaching in front. Have difficulty explaining and communicating about mathematics, including asking and answering questions. Escape or absent from class, late submitting homework and fail in mathematics are one of the most common behavior of problematic students towards mathematics. 4. The factors that make students dislike Mathematics A. Sequential in nature. Mathematics is sequential in nature. That means that when we learn one concept , knowledge or skill, it will be needed in another topics. This is basically true when students who have not mastered a preceding skill have difficulty in learning new work. Students might feel discourage by this continuous learning and exhausted throughout the process. Obviously, students who have strong basic knowledge will be able to do mathematics problem much faster compare to students who are not. Students find math to be hard is because it is usually not taught correctly, and it is usually not studied correctly. Mathematics needs to be learned step by step, topic by topic. If a student does not completely understand a particular topic, there is no point in moving on to a harder topic that requires knowledge of the first topic. It is typical in Brunei, there is very little time to review back the old materials in school. It is up to the student to recognize if the students do not fully understand a particular topic, and to go for tutoring. In most cases, this doesnt happen, and the student gradually becomes more and more confused and discouraged. Another problem is that students are promoted from one grade to the next, even if they are not at all close to being ready for the next grades work. There are a variety of reasons why this happens, none of which are the focus of this editorial, but Ill just say that until we stop pushing kids into classes that they arent ready for, the education crisis in this country will continue and get worse. Mathematics is a subject that requires a tremendous amount of thought and patience. Weak students typically rush through their mathematics homework, and declare it to be done, The students not even check the working properly and not even thought of the answer. The following day in school, the teacher will review the homework very quickly, and then just move on to a new topic. B. One answer concept Mathematics is an exact subject. Normally, students in Brunei will take 8 subjects during their secondary level and Mathematics is the only subject that requires long working but yet only one acceptable answer. Many students have trouble with the exactness of mathematics. For them, what is wrong is always wrong and vice versa. Students always thought that â€Å"Doing mathematics means getting one right answer,† â€Å"Mathematics is a collection of rules, theorems, and procedures to be memorized,† and â€Å"Teaching math involves working through the textbook page by page and assigning drill exercises from the workbooks or worksheets for practice.† As a result of belief in these myths, many students are convinced that they cannot do math. Students are very fragile at this stage, they rather concentrate on the subjects that not required drilling like mathematics and give up mathematics. But the students do not know that mathematics can become more interesting as they go further, mathematics is not just getting the right answer. C. Math Phobia â€Å"Im not good at math†, â€Å"I hate math† or â€Å"math is too hard† are common phrases heard by teachers and parents. One of the symptom is s/he does not want to do any class work. When the task is easy, s/he tries to do the work but never completes the assignment. Sometimes, s/he gets frustrated and says that s/he is stupid because she just doesnt understand math. Anxious individuals may avoid mathematics classes, may be more likely to have negative attitudes toward mathematic related activities. This type of students seems to suffer from math phobia also known as math anxiety. Mathematics anxiety means the students fear that one wont be able to do the math or the fear that its too hard or the fear of failure. The students had very negative experiences in her mathematics class that the students failed before. May be the previous teachers might have had ignored this type of students that lead to lack self-efficacy. D. Difficulty Transferring Knowledge(connection with reality) One very common difficulty experienced by students with mathematics problems is the inability to connect mathematics concept to the real world. In school, this can obviously be seen when we give questions which involve loss and profit gain of purchasing products to the students. Only few of them can deeply understand what is meant by loss and gain. The fear of mathematics makes them uneasy to relate mathematics problems to their everyday life. In ‘O level Mathematics Examination, it is about 20 percent in paper 1 dealing with everyday life mathematics and the students always fall into these tricky questions. They spend long time in solving this and sometime to a halt. Students do not believe that directly proportion rules can be used in our life when buying goods. What I try to say here is that, the students do not trust the power of mathematics and how mathematics can benefit us. Students usually are not aware that mathematics is everywhere in this world and it is unavoidable for them to meet Math problems in the real world. Whenever they go to the shop, students normally do not bring the knowledge they have gain in school with them. They thought that mathematics exist only in school just for the sake of the examination. E. Less motivation The last but not least, students have less motivation when come to studying mathematics. The word â€Å"lazy† is very common given to the students who do not submit their homework. Lengthy working and long formula become a burden for them. Not all students who are weak in mathematics because they have problems with the subject but due to lack of motivation from the teachers and also the parent. It is quite common to encounter students who do badly in mathematics but excel in other subjects. In some case, the students do give up in studying mathematics and even choose not to involve in the fields that required Mathematics. There are also students who just escape the mathematics class just to avoid this important subject. Less motivation will lead the students to less confident in doing mathematics problem and as the days goes by, they see mathematics as a subject that make the feel down. F. Incomplete Understanding of the Language of Math For some students, dislike of mathematics is driven by problems with language. These students may also experience difficulty with reading, writing, and speaking. In mathematics, however, their language problem is due to the topics itself example matrices, simultaneous equation, vector and some of which they hear nowhere outside of the math classroom. These students have difficulty understanding written or verbal directions or explanations. 5. How to overcome students who dislike mathematics a) Teach basic concepts using concrete objects. Let students learn mathematics in which they can feel and experience themselves. Learning probability will become more interesting by allowing them using marbles, cards and colored balls. Students will tend to remember more which help them to understand the concept easily. b) Provide specialized materials. As a teacher it is important to use correct materials for the students. For example, using graph paper will help the students in drawing the axes and plotting the points. Scrap paper can also be used to encourage the students to do working for every mathematics problems. Teachers should aware the students to be more organize in doing there working and emphasize the important of discipline in mathematics. c) Practice student-centered. Ask the students the procedures they would like to use when solving a problem, and guide each procedure for them. The interaction between students and teacher will somehow help in the learning process. By doing this also, the teachers will know the weakness, the strength of each of the students and the confusion they leading to. d) Use cooperative math-problem-solving activities. To overcome dislike of mathematics, teachers should give opportunities for students to work in groups when solving math problems. The students will gradually gain their confidence by sharing their thinking aloud as they solve problems. e) Provide time for reviewingtheir work. Teachers must emphasize that completing math assignments is a process. Encourage students to become comfortable reviewing their work, making changes, or asking questions when they are unsure of their answers. f) Connect mathematics concept to the real-world. Teacher must understand that mathematics is always a problem for students. By connecting mathematics problems to the everyday used will be very helpful to the students. Students can easily digest the mathematics concept and even apply to themselves. For example in studying statistics, we can ask the students to make a case study of population in Brunei or how to use percentages to understand the price of a jacket on sale at the mall or the amount of their allowance spent on snacks. 6. My conclusion From my own understanding, with the widespread dislike of mathematics, it is not the job of educator only but also the society on changing these negative attitudes. I suggest that teachers should focus on improving the classroom affective environment and mentally motivate the students to foster positive attitudes in mathematics. As a parent, they must understand that gaining knowledge is not only at school but also need to be cultivated at home.

Animal Farm Retold Essay example -- Creative Writing Essays

Animal Farm Retold Night had fallen on the animal farm, though no animal was sleeping peacefully. Sleep was impossible that evening, for in the morning it would be known who was destroying the farm and who killed the old leader. Once before the farm was in shambles, and the animals looked to their new leader, Freud, to save them again as he had once before. Freud was a beautiful pig, a prize-winning pig with snow-white skin and a large round belly. One day a Raven flew to where Freud was napping on the MacKenzie farm and whispered atrocities to him, whispered that he would kill his father and have piglets with his mother...and Freud was afraid. So Freud left home to make his mark on the world. Upon his travels, he heard of a farm where the farmer spent too much money trying to raise prize-winning pigs, neglecting all the other animals. Animal Farm, it was called. Freud traveled to Animal Farm with a purpose to set things right, and set things right he did. He made a deal with the farmer (Farmer Brown, as he was called); Farmer Brown would use Freud as his prize-winning pig, but take care of the other animals as well. Well, soon Animal Farm was saved, and Freud became their new leader, since the old leader, a large boar named Capità ¡n, had been slaughtered one day in the slaughterhouse (or so the sheep gossiped). Freud met a pretty lit tle pig on Animal Farm named Amalie, Capità ¡n's "widow", and had two little piglets with her. So Freud, Amalie, and Amalie's brother Jakob all ran Animal Farm together. And so the entire farm waited and watched for dawn. All the animals knew in their hearts that once more Freud would make Animal Farm prosperous, turn barren fields plentiful, turn dry soil moist, and turn low spirits sky-hig... ...r color is symbolic of the tragic element to â€Å"Animal Farm Retold,† just as in Oedipus. "Animal Farm Retold† was written to try and reveal the many complex mysteries hidden within the text of Oedipus and Freud's theories. These mysteries are endless, and countless numbers can be found between the two that have not been discussed. The main point, however, is the main principle behind both Oedipus, Freud, and Animal Farm; Man, although he may think himself good, is not good at all. He is tragically flawed. In Oedipus, Man tries to escape Fate, and brings Fate upon himself. In Animal Farm, Snowball was tragically idealistic and naà ¯ve, leading to his downfall. And in Freud's theories? Well, maybe Freud's theories don't have an obvious tragic flaw, other than the idea of wanting to fornicate with one's mother; but that's just a psychological theory....isn't it?

Microbiological routes for the production

Microbiological Paths For The Production Of Pharmaceutical Products.IntroductionMicrobiological Aspects Of PenicillinRecent publications and primary literature suggest that penicillin is an first-class curative agent which increases its demand for clinical application and chemical surveies. Microbiological production, chemical purification and isolation are major jobs associated with its usage. Penicillin is produced by Penicillium notatum in really infinitesimal measures and its civilizations were investigated for big scale production of penicillin. Cultures of P.notatum tend to spontaneously lose their penicillin-producing ability due to physiological or biochemical devolution. Penicillin activity straight depends upon the nature of strain. It is critical to choose strains of highest authority for maximal penicillin activity. All the strains are different from each other in their penicillin-forming ability. 1. Penicillin production in Penicillium Chrysogenum. Biosynthesis of lysine and Penicillin in Penicillium chrysogenum is regulated by ramifying point intermediate ?-aminoadipate. In penicillin tract, it is condensed with L-valine and L-cysteine to organize tripeptide by ACV synthetase. The internal ?-aminoadipate pool plays a critical function in lysine and penicillin biogenesis. The break of lys2 cistron directs the pool towards penicillin biogenesis ensuing in penicillin over-production. The targeted break was carried out by utilizing two different techniques and their consequence on penicillin production was studied. P.chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 ( low-level penicillin-producing strain ) and P.chrysogenum pyrG1 mutant strains were used in transmutation experiments. P. Chrysogenum L2, a lysine auxotroph was used as a control. Spores of P.chrysogenum were collected from home bases of power medium after holding grown for 5 yearss at 28Â °C. Two plasmids pDL1 and pDL7 which differed in selectable marker and size of DNA part homologous to a im were selected for break of lys2 by a individual crossing over. pDL1 includes ble ( phleomycin opposition ) cistron while pDL7 contains pyrG cistron as a selectable marker. Out of 495 transformants tested, 2 lysine auxotrophs ringers ( TD7-88 and TD7-115 ) were obtained. Both were unable to turn in Czapek medium supplemented with ?-aminoadipic acid while P.chrysogenum L2 ( command strain ) grew. These consequences proved that lys2 cistron is disrupted in TD7-88 and TD7-115 strains. Two plasmids pDL2 and pDL10 were constructed for break of lys2 cistron by dual recombination. Out of 964 transformants tested, merely one lysine auxotroph ( TD10-195 ) was obtained which was unable to turn in ?-aminoadipic acid supplemented Czapek medium. Transformants TD10-195 and TD7-115 were more stable without any reversion rate as compared to TD7-88 with really low degree of stableness. Although the growing of transformants were slower than parental strain in defined medium incorporating 4.0 Mm lys ine, the penicillin degrees were double from those observed in parental strain at 96, 120, and 144 H and threefold higher at 168 H. 2. Penicillin Production by Fungi turning on nutrient merchandises. Many fungous species widely used as commercial starting motors such as P.nalgiovense, P.chrysogenum, P. Verrucosum, P.griseofulvum and P.roqueforti were used to analyse the production of penicillin while turning on nutrient merchandises and presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons in Fungi of genus Penicillium. The synthesis of toxic compounds might besides be secreted to nutrient merchandises. All the strains were screened utilizing bio-assaies in both solid and liquid medium with Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as a trial strain to observe penicillin production. Antibacterial activity was found in P.chrysogenum, P.griseofulvum NRRl 2300 and P.nalgiovense. ?-lactamase signifier Bacillus Cereus UL1 was used to prove whether the antibacterial activity was due to penicillin or other substance. Result indicate that antibacterial activity can be attributed to ?-lactam antibiotic penicillin. Agitation of liquid submerged civilizations of P.griseofulvam was carried out to corroborate peni cillin production which proved that P.griseofulvam strain NRRL 2300 had highest production degree. Southern smudge analysis was used to analyze the presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons. The presence of penicillin cistron bunch in P.griseofulvum proved that the antibacterial activity observed is due to penicillin. P.griseofulvum which is a possible beginning of penicillin in nutrient merchandises can be often isolated from maize, barley, wheat, flour etc. In instance of P. Verrucosum, the antibacterial activity observed was due to either patulin or penicilic acid as it contains merely one cistron of penicillin cistron bunch. Both patulin or penicilic acid are secondary metabolites produced by different strains of Fungi. In order to obtain safe and high quality nutrient merchandises, antibiotic and toxin production by nutrient micro-organisms should be analysed and studied in item. It besides helps to bring forth modified strains in which the synthesis of toxic compounds can b e eliminated without losing their food-ripening and flavorer belongingss. 3. Production of penicillin in methylotropic barm Hansenula polymorpha. -lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and Mefoxins are largest selling antibiotics against bacterial infections. Industrially, penicillin and Mefoxins are produced by filiform Fungis Penicillium.chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum severally. The chief purpose was to present penicillin biogenesis tract into yeast Hansenula polymorpha as it is more various, easy to manage and cultivate with superior agitation belongingss as compared to filiform Fungis. In penicillin tract, peptide synthetase ?-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase signifiers tripeptide ACV. It is converted into isopenicillin N ( IPN ) by enzyme isopenicillin N synthase ( IPNS ) . The pcbC cistron which encodes IPNS was cloned in H.polymorpha intoxicant oxidase booster in pHIPX4 and integrated at PAOX venue in H.polymorpha genome. A strain ( IPNS 4.2 ) incorporating pcbC look cassette was cultivated at 37Â °C on methyl alcohol medium to bring on PAOX. Wild type H.polymorpha serves as control strain. Aliquots were taken a t regular clip intervals to analyze IPNS protein. Western smudges prepared utilizing rough infusions of H.polymorpha and P.chrysogenum revealed that strain IPNS 4.2 produces an ?-IPNS specific protein. IPNS was produced at all growing temperatures in strain IPNS 4.2. In stationary growing stage, comparatively low IPNS protein degrees were observed in cells grown at 37Â °C. It was assumed that hapless or slow folding of protein at high temperature can be an intrinsic factor. However, IPNS protein was to the full stable and its degree was significantly enhanced at 25Â °C if compared to its production at 37Â °C and 30Â °C.The sum is comparable to highest penicillin bring forthing strains of P.Chrysogenum. Results indicate that penicillin production in heterologus barm was merely successful at decreased growing temperatures. As yeast genome does non encode non – ribosomal peptide synthetases such as ACVs, the following measure will be to infix functionally active ACVS in hete rologus host in order to present full penicillin biogenesis tract in H.polymorpha. 4. Penicillin production in surface civilizations of P.notatum. Two-liter Erlrnmeyer flasks incorporating czapek-Dox medium were inoculated with P.notatum and incubated at 25Â °C. It was tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in alimentary stock by ordinary dilution methods. The pH of the medium fell from 6.5 to 3.0-4.0 and remained low throughout. Neutralized samples showed high antibacterial activity and batches runing from 10 to 100 liters were extracted with amyl ethanoate at pH 2. It was assumed that penicillin in these civilizations existed in non-extractable signifier. The pellicles were thin, without furrows or spores, and liquid with swoon xanthous touch. The antibacterial activity was extractible at pH 2 with organic dissolvers when the medium was supplemented with yeast infusion, brain-heart extract. In brown sugar medium ( dark brown sugar, 2 per cent ; NaNO3, 0.35 ; MgSO4.7 H20, 0.05 ; KCI, 0.05, KH2PO4, 0.15 ; FeSO4.7H20, 0.015 ) growing is more rapid and abundant accompanied by intense xanthous pigmentatio n ( chrysogenin ) as compared to czapek-Dox medium. The sourness falls in early phases from pH 5.5 to 4.5 and so rises to 8.0. Penicillin started roll uping on 5th twenty-four hours with upper limit on the eleventh to the 13th twenty-four hours. Maximum penicillin activity appeared after maximal growing was attained. All the sugar was consumed before maximal penicillin was accumulated. 5. Penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum. Experiments with submersed civilizations were conducted on machines agitating at rate of 60 to 90rpm, with maximal growing observed over a period of 6 to 10 yearss at 25Â °C. Brown sugar medium was distributed in 80-ml measures in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks and inoculated with a spore suspension of P.notatum, strain 832. The flasks were incubated at 25Â °C on a shaking machine. Growth commenced on the 2nd twenty-four hours with maximal growing appeared as little unit of ammunition pellets of mycelium. Penicillin started roll uping on 3rd or 4th twenty-four hours and reached its maximal value ( 20 to 30 oxford units per milliliter ) on 7th or 8th twenty-four hours. Organic fraction in brown sugar is responsible for penicillin-promoting capacity. Zinc besides had a catalyzing consequence. The shingle or submersed civilization technique provides better aeration as compared to come up civilization. By turning P.notatum strains in shake civilization, variable factors of diffusion and pell icle formation are eliminated, while growing and metabolic procedures are accelerated. Care of an equal O supply is indispensable in the penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum. 6. Aculeacin A Acylase as an industrial biocatalyst for production of penicillin Aculeacin A Acylase ( AuAAC ) from Actinoplanes utahensis NRRL 12052 catalyzes hydrolyses of acyl medieties of fungicidal antibiotics. As AuAAC was similar to ? -lactam acylase, it was investigated whether AuAAC would act as new ? -lactam acylase. An engineered aac cistron was made and cloned into look vector pEM4. The cistron was amplified by PCR utilizing chromosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid from A. utahensis NRRL 12052. Primers were designed harmonizing to the DNA sequence of aac cistron. Purified PCR merchandises were digested with XbaI and EcoRI endonuclease and cloned into pEM4 vector. The ensuing plasmid was so introduced in S.lividans 1326. The AuAAC output was 21-fold higher in recombinant strain produced by S. Lividans ( pEAAC ) as compared to A.utahensis. Its pureness was determined by Na dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel cataphoresis. The thermic stableness was studied by pre-incubating AAC for 20 min at different temperatures. It was stable up to 50Â °C and so reduced at higher temperature. It was determined that purified recombinant AuAAC is able to hydrolyse penicillin V. The kinetic parametric quantities for hydrolyses of different natural ?-lactam antibiotics were determined to analyze hydrolytic specificity of recombinant AuAAC. The pure recombinant enzyme was incubated with increasing concentrations of penicillins ( V, K, F, dihydroF, and G ) in 100 mM K phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 at 45Â °C for 15 min in 100 Â µl. AuAAC shows the same substrate specificity if compared to penicillin V acylase on natural penicillins. Penicillin K was best substrate for which AuAAC shows highest biomolecular changeless value of 34.79 mM-1 s-1. Result suggest that AuAAC from A.utahensis should be considered as new subfamily of ?-lactam acylases and it should besides be considered as an industrial biocatalyst for production of man-made penicillins.Mentions1. Finch, R. G. , Greenwood, D. , Norrby, S. R. & A ; Whitley, R. J. ( 2003 ) . Antibiotic and Chemotherapy. A nti-infective agents and their usage in therapy. ( 8th ed. ) . New York: Churchill Livingstone. 2. Hutter, R. , Leisinger, T. , Nuesch, J. & A ; Wehrli, W. ( 1978 ) . Antibiotics and Other Secondary Metabolites: Biosynthesis and Production. New York: Academic Press. 3. Flynn, E. H. ( 1972 ) . Cephalosporins and Penicillins.Chemistry and Biology. New York: Academic Press. 4. Casqueiro, J. , Gutierrez, S. , Banuelos, O. , Hijarrubia, M. J. & A ; Martin, J. F. ( 1999 ) . Gene Targeting in Penicillium chrysogenum: Break of the lys 2 Gene Leads to Penicillin Overproduction. Journal of Bacteriology, 181 ( 4 ) , 1181-1188. 5. Laich, F. , Fierro, F. & A ; Martin, J. F. ( 2002 ) . Production of Penicillin by Fungi Turning on Food Merchandises: Designation of a complete Penicillin Gene Cluster in Penicillium griseofulvum and a Truncated Cluster in Penicillium verrucosum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68 ( 3 ) , 1211-1219. 6. Gidijala, L. , Bovenberg R. , Klaassen, P. , Van der Klei, I. J. , Veenhuis, M. & A ; Kiel, J.A. ( 2008 ) . Production of functionally active Penicillium chrysogenum isopenicillin N synthase in the barm Hansenula polymorpha. BMC Biotechnology,29 ( 8 ) , 1472-6750. 7. Torres-Bacete, J. , Hormigo, D. , Stuart, M. , Arroyo, M. , Torres, P. , Castillon, M.P. , et Al. ( 2007 ) . Newly Discovered Penicillin Acylase Activity of Aculeacin A Acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,73 ( 16 ) 5378-5381. 8. Sprote, P. , Brakhage, A. A. & A ; Hynes, M. J. ( 2009 ) . Contribution of Peroxisomes to Penicillin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Eukaryotic Cell, 8 ( 3 ) , 421-423.