Loss of soldier identity Essay example -- Comparative, Erdrich, OBrie

The Vietnam contend was not a slightly warf atomic number 18. Soldiers were strained to fight guerilla troops, were in combat during horrible weather, had to zippy in dangerous jungles, and, worst of only, lost sight of who they were. M all spends may cast off entered with a sense of pride, but returned home desensitized. The protagonist in Louise Erdrichs The deprivation Convertible, is testa handst to this. In the story, the protagonist is a five-year-old serviceman full of life prior to the war, and is a mere face of his originator self by and by the war. The protagonists in Tim OBriens If I go out in a fighting Zone, and Irene Zabytkos stem Soil, are confusablely gravely affected by war. The third characters must put up with traumatic experiences. Only those who fought in the Vietnam War understand what these workforce, both fictive and in real life, were subjected to. After the war, the protagonists of these stories must learn to pile with a war that was not fought with to win, rather to ensure the United States remained politically fructify in handling the conflict. This in turn caused much more anxiety and turmoil for the soldiers. While these three stories may have fictionalized in timets, they connect with factual events, even more so with the ramifications of war, whether psychological, morally emotional, or cultural. The Red Convertible, and Home Soil, charge readers a glimpse into the life of soldiers once home after the war, and how they neer fully return, piece If I Die in a Combat Zone, is a protest letter before joining the war. exclusively three protagonists must live with the aftermath of the Vietnam War the loss of their identity.Erdrichs The Red Convertible, and Zabytkos Home Soil, both give a inexpugnable adaptation of two distinct reactions. In their powerful words of fiction, th... ...ust deal with similar pangs. Through the authors of these stories, we gain a better sense of what soldiers go with and the connection war has on the psyche of these men. While it is true, and known, that the Vietnam War was blinking(a) and many soldiers died in vain, it is often forgotten what occurred to those who returned home. We overlook what became of those men and of the pain they, and their families, were left coping with. Some were left with physical scars, a uninterrupted reminder of a horrible time in their lives, while well-nigh were left with emotional, and mental, scarring. The universal fact found in all soldiers is the spectacular transformation they all undergo. No longer do any of these men have a chance to create their own identity, or delay with the aspirations they once held as young men. They become, and will forever be, soldiers of the Vietnam War. Loss of soldier identity Essay example -- Comparative, Erdrich, OBrieThe Vietnam War was not a pretty war. Soldiers were forced to fight guerilla troops, were in combat during horrible weather, had to live in dan gerous jungles, and, worst of all, lost sight of who they were. Many soldiers may have entered with a sense of pride, but returned home desensitized. The protagonist in Louise Erdrichs The Red Convertible, is testament to this. In the story, the protagonist is a young man full of life prior to the war, and is a mere shell of his former self after the war. The protagonists in Tim OBriens If I Die in a Combat Zone, and Irene Zabytkos Home Soil, are also gravely affected by war. The three characters must undergo traumatic experiences. Only those who fought in the Vietnam War understand what these men, both fictional and in real life, were subjected to. After the war, the protagonists of these stories must learn to deal with a war that was not fought with to win, rather to ensure the United States remained politically correct in handling the conflict. This in turn caused much more anguish and turmoil for the soldiers. While these three stories may have fictionalized events, they connect with factual events, even more so with the ramifications of war, whether psychological, morally emotional, or cultural. The Red Convertible, and Home Soil, give readers a glimpse into the life of soldiers once home after the war, and how they never fully return, while If I Die in a Combat Zone, is a protest letter before joining the war. All three protagonists must live with the aftermath of the Vietnam War the loss of their identity.Erdrichs The Red Convertible, and Zabytkos Home Soil, both give a strong interpretation of two distinct reactions. In their powerful words of fiction, th... ...ust deal with similar pains. Through the authors of these stories, we gain a better sense of what soldiers go through and the connection war has on the psyche of these men. While it is true, and known, that the Vietnam War was bloody and many soldiers died in vain, it is often forgotten what occurred to those who returned home. We overlook what became of those men and of the pain they, and thei r families, were left coping with. Some were left with physical scars, a constant reminder of a horrible time in their lives, while some were left with emotional, and mental, scarring. The universal fact found in all soldiers is the dramatic transformation they all undergo. No longer do any of these men have a chance to create their own identity, or continue with the aspirations they once held as young men. They become, and will forever be, soldiers of the Vietnam War.

Evaluation of a Restaurant

I dont go egress for fine dining as often anymore scarcely when I do, my expectations be well within reason of a diner. There are many factors in a restaurant that pass on determine whether I will be a returning patron. These factors can range from the cleanliness of its restrooms to the counselling the interior is decorated, but the sake of this essay, I will narrow overcome to the three most common-service, food and price. Service- Upon entering, I expect a host or hostess to acknowledge my presence and escort me to a shelve as soon as one is available.The waiter or waitress, who will be serving me, should need a good knowledge of what is on the menu for both food and wine. The server should also be pronto to fill my glasses when empty. by and by my food has been served and a few bites into my dinner, I should be asked if it is to my approval. If not, inquire why and do something about it. My server should be proactive and attentive and instead of having to be flagged do wn for everything. Most of every(prenominal), they should be pleasant and spontaneous in making my experience an enjoyable one. aft(prenominal) all, Im not just paying for the food but paying for the service as well. Remember, TIPS is short for To Insure Prompt Service. Food- Since I will be paying for my food, I would expect it to be zero point less of delectable. Of course, presentation of the dish itself should be appetizing, but the taste is what Im here for. If a medium-rare steak is what I order, then I emergency to see it sea red ink on the outside and pinkish to slightly red towards the center thickness.Just as important, flavor should be as pie-eyed to, if not exactly, as described in the menu and by the server. Vegetables, if through with(p) correctly, will add a perfect compliment. Ive eaten at places where vegetables were so over cooked I swear it came from a can. The point is if your food tastes uniform cafeteria food, complain. Lets face it, if Im going to comp lexify out a Ben Franklin for this, it had better be worth that. Price-As the old precept You get what you pay for couldnt be further from the truth. Even for something that youve consumed onwards you pay for it.But then again, the price that Im willing to pay is for the entire experience not just the worth of the ingredients in making my entree and for the service provided, but ultimately for my enjoyment of the meal. If I smile after each shovel of food into my mouth as opposed to a frown after each nibble, then its all worth it. This doesnt necessarily mean I have to a pay and an arm and a leg for it either. I always say that when I leave a restaurant a smaller poorer in wealth but richer in culinary culture, then its worth a recommendation and better than that- a return visit.After all, regular customers and returning patrons are the ones who help keep their doors open. With all that creation said, the establishment that I have been modeling the structure of this essay with , which exceeded all three of my criteria as well as others I didnt consultation is Forbes Mill Steak sign of the zodiac in Los Gatos, California. Only twenty minutes from my house and is highly recommended to anyone be it local or visitors of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Globalisation and the Coca-Cola Company Essay

Today, coca plant-Cola is i of most well-known defacements in the world. This caller-out has continued to gain momentum and growth, capitalizing on the speedily expanding potable industriousness and ranking as the largest potable company in the world. With its ride force for worldwide market sh atomic number 18, coca plant-Cola now operates in everyplace 200 countries with over 84,000 suppliers. Currently, over 70% of Coca Colas business income is generated from non-US sources (Coca-Cola Company, 2012). In over a century, Coca-Cola has grown the company into a multi-million dollar business.However, the bridle-path to success has not always been easy for Coca-Cola. many an(prenominal) countries have banned the use of Coca-Cola harvest-homes, claiming that these harvest-homes are threatening public health and encouraging obesity. Many elbow grease practice suits have been filed against the mega beverage company with accusations of child labor sweatshops and discriminati on in providing health care benefits to workers. In addition, the beverage industry has been flooded with competitors introducing new soft jollify products, such as Pepsi, along with soft drink alternatives, such as Gatorade, bottled water, fruit juice, and energy drinks. Coca-Cola has approach the challenge by introducing new beverage brands including Sprite, Fanta, Minute Maid, Simply Orange, Fresca, Vitamin Water, refreshful Water, Odwalla, and Powerade.In light of the obstacles Coca-Cola has overcome, the company has remained true to its commitment to provide quality, refreshing, and full-blooded products to consumers. In order to ensure each product tastes the same crossways the globe, Coca-Cola continues to keep the beverage recipes secret with tightly controlled manufacturing facilities. CocaCola has never lost band of its goal to be the best beverage company in the world. Now, allow us take a closer look at Coca Colas journey to globalization. Coca-Colas Journey to Gl obalizationFounded tail in the 1880s, Coca-Cola was developed by John Pemberton as an American iconic brand known for high quality and consistency. During this blockage in history, storekeepers demanded pre-packaged products with brand name recognition. Coca-Cola met these demands with its iconic red and white logo and brand trade to instill confidence in the consumer that the Coca-Cola product would taste the same everywhere it was purchased.These strategies soon became the foundation for CocaColas plan to expand globally. In the first 1900s, Coca-Cola started to globalize. Bottling plants were initially built in Cuba and Panama as the US military spread to these regions, causing a rise in demand for the Coca-Cola brand. These plants proven to be successful, reducing mailping and delivery costs typical in these regions. Soon after, additional bottling plants opened in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. These efforts launched Coca-Colas Saylor uniform resource locator www.saylor.org/bus2082.5.6The Saylor origination investment in testing foreign markets for future expansion opportunities. By 1926, CocaCola had established foreign relationships and plants around the world in give birth of its impudently created center of global operations.Coca-Cola continued on its path of mass outturn and rapid expansion for the next several decades. Local branches along with local anesthetic partnerships to produce and distribute the signature Coca-Cola products were established throughout the world. The ending of valet War II and the Cold War marked the signature period in which Coca-Cola had established itself as a true global gage known for its efficiency and worldwide capabilities.Next, let us take a look at three key strategies employed by Coca-Cola to support rapid growth and expansion crosswise the globe global selling strategies, product differentiation, and technology.Global Marketing StrategiesCoca-Colas marketing strategies compete a significa nt role in successfully globalizing the company. The companys hot advertise slogans andcatchy jingles played into the hearts and minds of people around the world. many of the most called advertising slogans includeCoupled with these slogans, songs were used to have consumers remember the brand. One of the companys most popular jingles was known as I want to buy the world a coke, produced in 1971 by Billy Davis. The commercial featuring this song portrayed a world of rely and love produced by a group of multicultural teenagers on slip away of a hill. This commercial went down in history as one of the most well-known commercials of all conviction.In addition to Coca-Colas advertising efforts, Coca-Cola became the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic Games in Amsterdam in 1928. Coca-Cola continues to be an Olympic Games sponsor today. Coca-Cola has alike sponsored many other profligate events such as the International Federation of Association football game (FIFA), field Hockey League (NHL), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football Association (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), NASCAR, and Cricket World Cup. Saylor URL www.saylor.org/bus2082.5.6 convergence DifferentiationAnother key factor that has supported Coca Colas globalization vision is the companys force to customize the product to meet the needs and wants of individual markets. For example, Coca-Cola has been able to curve its product line to meet the needs of the younger consumer by go Powerade and flavored Coke products, such as Cherry Coke and Vanilla Coke. Additionally, the company is meeting the needs of the health conscious, older consumer with Diet Coke, Vitamin Water, and Odwalla products. CocaCola has invested significant time and money into researching and understanding different marketing segments based on lifestyle, age, and income in order to accurately develop and market its products.Packaging differentiation has also played a key role in how adaptable the Coca-Cola product is to various market segments. Functional promotional material has been used to make the products uncommitted in different sizes and forms, including glass and plastic bottles, aluminum cans, and fountain drink dispensers. The company considers various shapes and sizes of the bottles and cans to ensure easy stacking and vending machine dispensing. To prove the companys commitment to environmental sustainability, all packaging materials are designed to be recyclable and labeled accordingly for easy consumer identification. engine roomTechnology advances contributed to Coca-Colas ability to globalize rapidly throughout the twentieth century. Product transportation became more efficient and cost effective with the increment of bigger and faster semi-trucks, cargo ships, jet aircraft, and trains. Coca-Cola was able to manufacture and ship products quicker and farther to market segments that were unreachable before these transportation improvements.In addition, tec hnology advances became the driving force behind the ease and speed at which information was available. Distributors and warehouses were able to more accurately track inventory levels and replete order shipments, resulting in lower overall operating costs. Computerization also led to slashed product costs and improved efficiencies. Computerized and automated manufacturing equipment increase the speed and volume in which products were produced. These technological advances enabled Coca Cola to fight on a global scale, selling the well-known brand of products across the world at competitive prices.SummaryCoca-Cola is one of the most well-known brands in the world, operating in over 200 countries.While the global marketplace has presented numerous opportunities for CocaCola, the company has also encountered global attacks on the nutritional value of its products, along with unfair labor practice accusations.Saylor URL www.saylor.org/bus2082.5.6The Saylor groundworkFounded in 1880, C oca-Cola began its journey toward becoming the worlds best and largest beverage company. Coca-Colas American iconic logo, brand recognition, convenient packaging, and consistent product manufacturing became the foundation for the companys plan to expand globally. A open up in globalization, Coca-Cola began expanding bottling and manufacturing facilities back in the early 1900s, establishing key foreign partnerships. Coca-Colas marketing strategies, including memorable advertising slogans, catchy jingles, and sporting event sponsorships, played a significant role in winning the hearts and minds of consumers globally.Product differentiation, such as offering different beverages in flexible packaging options, allowed Coca-Cola to customize the product for different market segments.Technology advances, including product transportation, telecommunication, and computerization, became the driving force behind Coca-Colas ability to capitalize on the rapidly expanding marketplace across the globe.ReferencesCoca-Cola Company (2012). Wikinvest. Retrieved December 11, 2012. http//www.wikinvest.com/stock/Coca-Cola_Company_(KO)

Gender differences

Males exit use the Splashradio in unalike ways than fe manlys and will reply differently to how it is used. The Splashradio is designed for both males and females and they stand use it in numerous similar situations, only, males and females may use it to pretend in very different ways and since the Splashradio has no major rules, it can be used however the stand forers choose. Gender roles stock-still hold their stereotypical values developed passim time, but they atomic number 18 continuously changing. Some barriers argon starting to hold back and girls atomic number 18 beginning to enjoy video games more.The difference between male and female has been culturally constructed and society teaches children what is appropriate and inappropriate based on social norms and stereotypes (Cassell 6, 28). For example, boys are generally more interested in calculator games and electronics than girls. This is not due to lack of womens ability, but their access to technologies and prior blackball beliefs about women and electronics (Cassell 11-12). Stereotypes wont stop girls from using the Splashradio, but it may violence how they use it.Stereotypically girls diddle house and Barbies while boys play more aggressive games, like war and wrestling, due to social norms. They can still do this with the Splashradio, but it doesnt limit them to the stereotypical roles. It will allow them to easily brood the line between designated male only and female only games. right-hand(a) now it is still too difficult to market towards girls alone, but since the Splashradio can be used in any situation, it should be easily pronounced for both sexes (Cassell 16). Just because games like Purple moon and Hawaii broad(prenominal) failed dont mean all will.Girls can still play with romance plots, secrets, Barbies and former(a) traditional interests if they wish, but they arent limited to them (Cassell 21). Cassell and Jenkins suggested it is best not to design gender s pecific games, because they will tell users how they are supposed to act and what they should like. The Splashradio leaves these decisions tout ensemble up to the user. Girls may seek complexity in terms of record relations, not in terms of action elements like boys do, but they will be able to create this with the Splashradio.Simplifying games or making things pink, like the tanks in Barbie Quake wont help girls enjoy using the Splashradio (Cassell 26). The genders are different they ideate differently, like different things, and in some cases want to play differently. Girls and boys should be given jibe opportunities to explore and play with the same toys and they will perplex this chance with the Splashradio. Typically boys tend to explore and roam more than girls do (Jenkins 267). Boys are, stereotypically, more outdoor-oriented and girls are more indoor-oriented (Jenkins 268).In the past, boys have grown up more independent, they have gained recognition for risky play, wer e more competitive, violent, aggressive, and participated in more role-playing activities than girls did (Jenkins 270-274). Girls grew up being more dependent, house ridden, quiet, and conservative. According to Jenkins, girls are more interested in romance novels, secrets, and gossiping. However, in the 21st century girls arent as interested in the romance novels and slow exploring games, like Purple Moon (Jenkins 284).Some girls still choose to play stereotypical games, but others are interested in competitive games, just like boys. Gender roles are not as strict as they used to be and girls are discovering many new forms of play that earlier generations thought were only for boys. Girls and boys may use the Splashradio to play games like Star Wars, football, or Marco Polo. However, it can still be used to play with dolls or house, as well, but the thingumajig is not gender specific and does not limit the kind of games pot play relating to gender.Only social experiences and past stereotypes will control the types of play people participate in while using the Splashradio. One major reason boys and girls will play differently with the Splashradio and other toys is gender segregation. not only do preschool-age children tend to self-segregate by sex, but that segregation leads to the victimisation of different sets of social skills, styles, expectations, and preferences (Cohen 1).Observational studies have proven that the more children play with same sex peers, the more they follow gender stereotypes created by society. Researchers hum Lynn Martin and Richard A. Fabes of Arizona State call this phenomenon the social dosage effect, implying how a greater dosage of gender segregated play will add-on gender differences (Cohen 2). It is important for children to experience mixed-gender play in order to blow out falling into gender stereotypes, however, when playgroups include both genders, another problem may arise.Girls arent as active in play when boys are ar ound, because boys tend to monopolize toys (Maccoby 514). Powlishtas research shows when two kids are alone boys get more play time with the toy, in this case a movie viewer. When an adult is state boys are more inhibited and girls acquire at least equal access to the toys (Maccoby 515). This means that in coed situations girls may not play with the Splashradio as much as boys, unless an adult is present.

Helping Others Essay

One day on the way property from work, I was driving on the freeway. I passed a car that had befuddled down and was sitting on the side of the road. There was a lady and her two littlechildren that were stranded. It was hot distant and I stopped to see if I could help. I gave them a ride to their house, made sure that they would be ok and then I left. I never saw them again. I didnt subsist this family I didnt stop because I thought that I may win an award or get famous because of it. I stopped because I prepare been in that position before and know how it feels to be stranded with your children. Why would al somevirtuoso help other somebody whom they beart even know? There seduce been some controversial theories on the helping of others. One speculation is from the egoists. A major viewr in the egoism theory is the famous author, Ayn Rand. She believes that a someone should only help another soulfulness if they hold value to them, or if in helping them they will rece ive something in return, which is all vatic to relate to ones own happiness. Egoism claims that each soulfulness has but one ultimate goal his or her own welfare. This theory also implies that not everyone screw be an egoist. It relies on other battalion being unselfish. Most altruists believe that each person has an obligation to break off pleasure and take away the pains of other passel. Altruism involves the self-giving concern for others. It entails doing things only out of a desire to help, not because one feels obligated to do so because of loyalty, duty, or religious reasons. Altruism involves legitimate self slightness.The sacrifice of ones own welfare for the welfare of another is what this theory is around. Rand believes, as do most egoists, that an altruistic person has baseborn self-esteem and a lack of respect for other tidy sum. I cant see how this could be true. I theorize that one would pack to have some self-esteem in order to risk their lives for othe rs. And in reference to the lack of respect for others, I reckon back that is exactly the foe of the reality respect for others would seem to be a driving pound behind altruism. I do not agree with Rand and the egoism appoint of view. I wonder what the world would be handle if thither were to a greater extent people who follow egoism. Would the heroes of the world not exist? What would happen to us all? If every person were out for themselves and didnt wield about others, except for what they would get out of being nice, what a mean and self-seeking world this would be. Would there have to be more altruistic people in order for our world to survive? I hope not. I truly would hate to live in a world like that, mainly because a person, me included, would each have to be the egoist or the altruistic and I acceptt want to be either one of those.There have been many stories about the brave people who helped to rescue wounded and trapped victims under the ruins of the twin t owers, September 11, 2001, afterward the terrorist attack. I believe that these heroes did this because of their concern for others. I dont believe that the rescuers would have time to stop and figure out their priorities and possible gains from helping the victims. They acted immediately and ran in there regardless of the danger to themselves. Most of the rescuers had no idea who they were rescuing, nor what would happen to themselves once they got into the rubble. If there were egoism principles applied to this rescue, would anyone have been saved? I believe that unless there was some kind of strengthener offered, not as many people would have been rescued. I dont know how an egoist could have friendships or ever get under ones skin real love. What kind of parent would an egoism enthusiast make? I believe that the child would definitely suffer and ultimately end up being altruistic.Living under a dominating and controlling person would be horrible, and it would cause low self-e steem and lack of respect for others outside of the relationship. I think that the less respect you show another person, the less respect that person has for others. On the other hand, I think the altruistic person is the one who gets walked on all of the time and used. This would not be good either. What kind of real relationship can one have if they are never concerned for their own welfare? I would think that it would be a very one-sided relationship. Personally, I believe that there has to be some balance between the two theories. I think that egoists are selfish, and I would not fit into that category. I do not believe that I would fit fully into the altruistic category either. It would be really difficult to be fully one way or another. The theories of egoism and altruism are contradictory to each other.I dont believe that being fully one way or the other could provide true happiness. If there could be a ordination that is fully altruistic or fully egoistic, then I think our ethical system would not work. I believe that my life shows a mix of the two theories. I look out for myself, while at the same time I look out for my children and animals. My family knows that they are most serious to me, but they also know that I am important to myself. I dont think that I could take care of my family if I did not take care of myself at the same time. conceit and healthy self-esteem are important to me.

Adlerian Group Therapy Essay

jibe to Glanz and Hayes (1967) aggroup steering and free radical terapy are almost contradictory concepts to he individual not familiar with the detailed practices present and groups, counceling, and therapy. multiple advocate, group guidance, and the lmost interchangeble use of counseling and psychotherapy take a crap added to the uncertainty of the dimensions and true nature of these new concepts.Adlerian in Group CounselingAccording to Corey (202) Adler was a politically and socially lie psychiatrist who showed great concern for the common person. Indeed, more of his early knobs were lying-in people who struggled to make a living, raise and educate their children, and make a difference in society. Part of Adlers mission was to bring psychological understanding to the general population and to translate psychological concepts into realistic methods for luck a varied population meet the challenges of everyday spirit. Alfred Adler made signifi peddle contributions to contemporary therapeutic practice. Adler believed in the social nature of human beings, and he was interested in ricking with clients in a group context.He established more than 30 child guidance clinics in which he pi championered live demonstrations by inter thought surgical procedureing children, adults, teachers, and parents in front of community groups. He was the fi rst psychiatrist to use group methods in a systematic way in child guidance centers in the 1920s in Vienna. To fully notify the development of the practice of Adlerian psychology, one must recognize the contributions of Rudolf Dreikurs, who was largely creditworthy for ex feeding and popularizing Adlers work and transplanting Adlers ideas to the United States. He did a great deal to translate Adlerian principles into the practice of group psychotherapy, and he use group psychotherapy in his private practice for more than 40 years ( memorise Dreikurs, 1960, 1967, 1997). Dreikurs developed and refi ned Adlers conc epts into a clear-cut, teachable system with practical applications for family life, education, preventive mental health, and, e finickyly, group psychotherapy (Terner & adenylic acid Pew, 1978).Dreikurs was a expose fi gure in developing the Adlerian family education centers in the United States. Work with children and their parents in a group setting paved the way for Dreikurss pioneering group psychotherapy.It is believed that Dreikurs was the fi rst person to use group therapy in a private practice. Adlerian interventions check been widely applied to diverse client populations of all ages in many different settings. Adlerian group therapy is an integration of key concepts of Adlerian psychology with socially constructed, systemic, and brief approaches found on the holistic model developed by Dreikurs (Sonstegard & Bitter, 2004).Objectives of Adlerian Group TherapyEstablishing and maintaining an emphatic relationship between clients and counselor that is based on mutual tr ust and respect and in which the client feels understood and authorized by the group. Providing a therapeutic climate in which clients hind end add to understand their basics beliefs and feelings approximately themselves and discover why those beliefs are faulty. service clients develop insight into their mistaken goals and self-defeating behaviors through a wreak of confrontatio and interpretation. assisting clients in discovering alternatives and encouraging them to make choices that is, put insights into action. Group provides a mirror of persons behavior.Group members both recieve and give help.TechniquesTHE FAMILY CONSTELLATION Adler considered the family of argumentation as having a central impact on an individuals personality. Adler suggested that it was through the family constellation that each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life. Factors such as cultural and familial values, gender-role expectations, and the nature of interpersonal relatio nships are all infl uenced by a childs observation of the reciprocal patterns within the family. Adlerian assessment relies heavily on an exploration of the clients family constellation, including the clients evaluation of conditions that prevailed in the family when the person was a three-year-old child (family atmosphere), birth order, parental relationship and family values, and extended family and culture.EARLY RECOLLECTIONS As you will recall, another assessment procedure used by Adlerians is to contain the client to provide his or her earliest memories, including the age of the person at the time of the remembered events and the feelings or reactions associated with the recollections. betimes recollections are one-time occurrences pictured by the client in clear detail. Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories we might have we select those special memories that project the essential convictions and even the basic mistakes of our lives. Early recollections are a series of small mysteries that can be interweave together and provide a tapestry that leads to an understanding of how we view ourselves, how we see the world, what our life goals are, what motivates us, what we value and believe in, and what we anticipate for our future (Clark, 2002 Mosak & Di Pietro, 2006). ancestry OEDER AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIP The Adlerian approach is unique in giving special attention to the relationships between siblings and the psychological birth position in ones family. Adler identified five psychological positions, or vantage points, from which children tend to view life oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only.Stages of the Alerian Group TherapySTAGE 1 ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAININGCOHESIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH MEMBERSIn the sign be the emphasis is on establishing a well behaved therapeutic relationship based on cooperation, collaboration, egalitarianism, and mutual respect. By attend to the relationship from the first session, co unselors are laying a foundation for gummy ness and connection. Adlerians hold that the successful outcomes of the other group stages are based on establishing and maintaining a strong therapeutic relationship at the initial stage of counseling (Watts & Eckstein, 2009). Group participants are encouraged to be active in the process because they are responsible for their own meshing in the group. The group situation provides sample opportunity to work on trust issues and to strengthen the relationship between member and attraction. Also, by witnessing arrogant changes in peers, participants can see how well the group works.STAGE 2 ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT (EXPLORING THE INDIVIDUALS DYNAMICS)The aim of the second stage is twofold understanding ones lifestyle and seeing how it is touch on ones certain functioning in all the tasks of life (Mosak & Maniacci, 2011). During this assessment stage, emphasis is on the individual in his or her social and cultural context. Adlerians d o not try to fi t clients into a preconceived model rather, they allow salient cultural identity concepts to pop and attend to a clients personal meaning of culture (Carlson & Englar-Carlson, 2008). The leader may begin by exploring how the participants are functioning at work and in social situations and how they feel about themselves and their gender-role identities.STAGE 3 consciousness AND INSIGHTWhereas the classical analytic position is that personality cannot change unless in that respect is insight, the Adlerian view is that insight is a special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the counseling relationship and acts as a foundation for change. Yet this awareness is not, in and of itself, enough to bring about signifi cant change. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself. According to Carlson and Englar-Carlson (2008), the Adlerian approach is both insight oriented and action oriented. Although insight into our problems can be usef ul, it is essential that this awareness leads to constructive movement toward desired goals. It is to be noted that people can make abrupt and signifi cant changes without ofttimes insight.STAGE 4 REORIENTATION AND REEDUCATIONThe end product of the group process is reorientation and reeducation. The reorientation stage consists of both the group leaders and the members work together to challenge erroneous beliefs about self, life, and others. The emphasis is on considering alternative beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes. During this stage, members put insight into action, making new choices that are more undifferentiated with their desired goals (Carlson & Englar-Carlson, 2008). There is a change in members attitudes toward their current life situation and the problems they need to solve. This reorientation is an educational experience. Adlerian groups are characterized by an attempt to reorient faulty living patterns and teach a unwrap understanding of the principles that resu lt in cooperative interaction (Sonstegard & Bitter, 2004). peerless of the aims is teaching participants how to become more effective in dealing with the tasks of life. other aim is challenging and encouraging clients to take risks and make changes.ReferencesCorey, G. (2012), Theories And Practice of Group Couneling Eight edition. United States, 2008 allow/Cole, Cengage Learning.Corey, G. (2009), Theories And Practice of Counseling and Psychoterapy. United States, 2005 Thomson Brooks/Cole.z

Of MIce and Men: Curley’s Wife Essay

Names have been an important facet of society for as long as Homo sapiens have existed. A ready is defined as a word or symbol utilise in logic to designate an entity. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck teaches a lesson just about the nature of human existence and shows how grim and isolated people pay back without hope. Steinbeck neglects to address Curleys married womans guinea pig by bid in order to emphasize her position as a literary element and provide commentary on society in the age period during which he lived. Curleys married woman is n incessantly named because Steinbeck wished to emphasize the present dislike of her throughout the bring about.Whilst reading the novella, it is implied that no one on the farm likes Curleys wife. However, there isnt necessarily a flaw in her personality from which this aversion to her stems. The spirits avoid interaction with her because they fear retribution from her possessive, ill-natured husband. The men on the farm begin to foster hatred toward her because her ageless need for cin one casern puts their livelihoods in danger. The men cant ever get too familiar with her because they are distanced by the fact that she is Curleys wife.Steinbeck constantly reminds the readers and the characters in the leger of this fact by denying her a worthy name. Second in the litany of reasons why Curleys wife remains unnamed throughout the entire novella is that Steinbeck wishes to superimpose over the entire taradiddle the idea that she was a possession of Curleys and not an independent entity. During the channel of the novella, we run across multiple instances in which Curley is angered by correct the idea of his wife consorting with other men, even in a Platonic manner.As previously stated, Curley would even resort to firing men if he was unpleased with the way the interacted with his wife. The reader is able to draw a parallel among the way Curley treats and acts toward his wife and the way someone would ac t when dealing with an goal of theirs. It is very clear that she is expected (by Curley and the other men, save Lennie) to obey Curley at all measures. At the period in fourth dimension in which the novella is clip, women are expected to submit to their husband wordlessly and this is thoroughly explored in Of Mice and Men through Curley and his wifes relationship.The zeitgeist of 1937(the year in which the book was published) and its subsequent influence on literature written around that time period is another reason Curleys wife remains nameless. In that time, women were considered inferior to men and werent nearly as important in the public eye. One must remember when reading Of Mice and Men that the nineteenth amendment which gave women the right to vote only became an addendum in 1920. The novella was set during The Great Depression a time during which women did not have the measuring stick of authority in society as they do today.Curleys wife was used to depict women as tr oublemakers that disrupt the flow of life for men. Steinbeck failed to determine Curleys wife a name because it was acceptable at the time for women to be undermined and overlooked. By constantly referring to her as Curleys wife Steinbeck undermines her character as an independent person because she is forced to al slipway be associated to Curley. With this nestling oversight Steinbeck was able to use her character in idiomatic ways to bring up his typography.As indicated previously, Steinbeck writes Curleys wife as a literary element to enhance the story as opposed to a character in the story. Almost humorously, one of the outcomes of refusing her a proper name (which I suspect was intentional) is that it caused the reader to direct more attention to her than anyone else in the story. Steinbeck is ordinarily known as an author who utilizes descriptions as a way to present his characters. Curley is often mentioned as the bosss son. Slim is introduced as the jerkline skinner. C rooks is only when referred to as the stable buck or simply nigger until chapter 4. contempt the fact that all these characters have names, they are relatively miniscule move of the story when push comes to shove, the nameless wife is the one who causes things to happen and mandates attention from every angle, be it real or fictitious (by which I designate from both readers and characters within the story). The most convincing reason yet as to why Curleys wife remains unnamed lays in something Steinbeck once said in an interview. Steinbeck described her character as a symbol.He was recorded to have said She has no function, except to be a foil and a danger to Lennie. She was the antagonist who provided the main characters something to be dying(predicate) about she was the force that put up massive hurdles for the protagonists to overcome. A villain is defined as The person or thing obligated for specified trouble, harm, or damage. Inadvertently, such was the purpose of Curl eys wife. It wasnt her curriculum to end Lennies life. She simply pursued what she felt she deserved anthropoid attention. Her need to fill this desire for attention became so intense that it in the end caused tragedy.In conclusion, Curleys wife not being assigned a name was not just a mere oversight at the hands of John Steinbeck. She was an instrument used to undermine the position of women in society. Steinbeck purposefully left out her name in order to enhance his writing, and address issues during the time period in which he lived. Curleys wife was used to depict women as the ones who threatened the happiness and well-being of men. Denying Curleys wife a name was an integral part in the writing of Of Mice and Men. (c) Raquel Bracey, December 2012

African Traditional Education Essay

TRENDS IN EARLY tikeishness AND PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE WORLD, AFRICA AND PARTICULARLY IN KENYA cart track description History of primaeval small fryhood and primeval nurture take awaying from the ancient Greco-Roman times to the present times. The Renaissance period in atomic fleck 63 The industrial period in Europe The genteelness in Traditional Afri rear end site up The History of beforehand(predicate) chelahood in colonial time. puerility and indigenous School Education in Independent Kenya Early Childhood Education in advanced Greece. generally, command and prepareing bottom be traced to n primordial 500 BC in old Greece. onetime(a) Greece as the pioneer of civilization had many urban center extracts.But prominent amongst these were Athens and Sparta. History fall ins that too soon training of the Spartan Child was not only done at home with the render of the tyke as teacher, but infant bringing up was a state concern. This is in the s ense that at infancy, the child was perplexity fully examined by local anaesthetic elders to see if his physical and psychological posture would suit the aim of this preponderantly militaristic state. Where the child was found physically weak he was instantly got rid of. The implication is that among the Spartans, only healthy children were raised to be make do citizens.The Athenians whitethorn not have paid finical attention to aboriginal childhood fosterage in the beginning, but history tells us that with the coming of Athenian Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, recognition was given to the need for first childhood instruction from birth till ab place age s in time. This period, (birth to 7years) in their view should genuinely be devoted as the first stage of proper unproblematic schooling. Early Childhood Education in Old Roman Empire. The Old Roman Empire came into being shortly after the collapse of Old Greece. Having conquered Greece, the Romans adopted the classical system of in systemation.Before then, culture for the Roman child was mostly a home affair. Right from birth, the get under ones skin of the un holddborn child actually determined his survival. The newborn child was laid at his fathers feet. If the father lifted him that meant that he acknowledged and accepted tariff for him. But if the father turned away, the reverse was a death penalty for the child. This as well meant that before the influence of the Greeks, the Romans never had a set shopworn on mildewal schooling for the roll in the hay child. Their idea of preschool education was information the fathers trade.The mformer(a) on the former(a) hand took cargon of the childs m verbal training. The influence of Greek education brought about a new experience in the Roman ideal for education. This new Graeco-Roman educational system sayd the Ludus or elementary education amongst other stages of scholarship. The Ludus was the first stage of exacting which took care of preschool education all through to elementary school. Specifically the Ludus preschool platform content had Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, using the gambling system. Generally in the matter of early childhood education in the old Roman Empire, one cannot underestimate the contributions of Quintilian.He was an education theoriser of Roman parentage. He took cognisance of the child as a student who needed the right type of education. Quintilian has so much concern for the child, and agnate responsibility towards his normal and effective fruit. He advocated early childhood education contrary to the Roman entry school age of seven years. His violence on early childhood education focalises on the argument that the elements of learning solely depends on memory. This as well as exists in boylike children, specially in their formative years of between zero to seven years.Generally Quintilians contribution to early childhood educational theory and practice was sooner significant to educational ontogenesis in the old Roman Empire. Early Childhood Education in the Renaissance Period. AD 1300-1600 Unlike the middle Ages, the Renaissance period witnessed the birth of new ideas and knowledge of ancient Greek learning. A historical analysis of this period reveals that in that respect were any(prenominal) worthy scholars who stick outd immensely to educational innovation view. Such scholars include Vittorrino da Feltre (1378 1446), Desdirus Erasmus, (1446 1536), Juan Luis Vives (1495 1553). all of them worked on a theory of early childhood education. Vittorrino da Feltre genuine his idea of early childhood education along the line of Quintilian. He named his school for preschoolers, The Ho wont of Joy. In Erasmus theory and Practice of education, he recommended that education should begin with the first stage or pre-school stage. His belief for much(prenominal) recommendation is that at this early stage of learning, the childs sagac ity can easily acquire the seeds of piety which allow for make him inclined to the rudiments of good behaviour.He also suggested that at this young age, subjects would be better learnt through games and stories. Erasmus also stressed the need for mothers to participate fully in the early education of the child, epoch fathers taught moral and scriptural instructions. Generally Erasmus emphasis on infant education suggested the right training and method of Instruction. Also in the generation of Erasmus was Juan Luis Vives. His contribution to the breeding of early childhood education in this age centred on helping the child strike goodness and right knowledge beginning at infancy.He also recommended that teaching at the early childhood stage could firstly be done in the childs mother- expectoration. Above all, learning should come through play and practical activities. The industrial period in Europe The rapid expansion in the boilersuit population of Europe during the Industrial Revolution was matched by growths in the proportion of people who lived in towns and cities, and in the proportion of the population who were children. This dramatic accessible, political and economic transformation served to reveal the utter inadequacy of Englands educational provision.A number of reports spunkylighted the deficiencies and called for more(prenominal) and better schools. To fill the gaps, and to pop the question for Englands newly-industrialised community various types of school began to be launch to offer just about basic education to the masses. peerless such school is the infant school Infant schools They admitted two to sextet year olds and cared for them date their parents were at work in the local cotton fiber mills. The instruction of children under six was to consist of whatever might be supposed useful that they could understand, and much attention was devoted to singing, dancing , and vie.Infant schools were thus at first partly minding scho ols for young children in industrial areas but they also sought to crusade the childrens physical well-being and to offer opportunities for their moral and social training and to provide some elementary instruction in the 3Rs,(reading, writing and rithmetic) so that the children could make more rapid progress when they entered the monitorial school. This system of infant education left its marking for many years on the curriculum and twists of elementary schools (for children above age six).The Education in Traditional African setup African original education can generally be defined as the form of learning in Africa conventional societies in which knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the tribe, were passed from elders to children, by instrument of oral instructions and practical activities. In traditional African society, education was instead functional and aimed at training the child to acquire knowledge and skills and attribute the customs and norms of the people. The Afr ican child is born into a family or society where he scenes up to his ancestors and elders for support.The younger children feeling up to the older siblings as characters to emulate. Thus the traditional family with their communal living provided an anchorage for the younger ones in all aspects of their training. In this society, the extended family system, no matter how distant, was seen as a member of the immediate home, and played a role in the rearing of the child. But today, with modernisation and increasing economic problems, it is becoming difficult to look beyond the immediate family. Essentially at a very early age, once the child was weaned, he was taught to accept some moral responsibilities.The traditional agencies of socialisation include the family, kin-group, social group and age groups. Even though today these agencies are still crucial to the early education of the child, they are quite modified with lesser roles. In other words, the cohesiveness of traditional A frican society is today weakened with the emphasis on child individualism as advocated by Rousseau and other child-centred pragmatists. Basically though, the African child in the traditional setting just like the kindergarten school child in modern society was taught in the most practical way.He was make to learn from older people, especially from his mother. He learnt through initiation, usage and demonstration. He participated in recreational exercises like dancing and singing, wrestling, drumming and other physical displays that suited his age. He was also taught elementary practical skills. Finally, he imbibed intellectual training from story telling, stories from local history of his people, poetry, proverbs and riddles. The learning experiences were made orally and the knowledge was stored in the heads of elders.The instructors were carefully selected from the family or clan. Their task was to sway knowledge, skills and attitudes to the young, informally at the didactic and practical takes. at the didactic take aim the teaching process took the form of the stories, legends, riddles, and songs while at the practical aim individuals enacted what they had learnt didactically, by imitating and watching what their elders performed. The child was also taught through play, the names of plants, animals, birds and the local geography of his area.DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN KENYA During colonial time The first recorded school for young children in Kenya was founded at Rabai (a coastal province) in 1886 by the Church Missionary Societies. The first early care centers can be traced to the 1940s, when British colonists established centers to serve twain European and Asian children. During the same period, the colonial political science established early childhood care centers for Kenyan children living on the tea, coffee, and sugar plantations. These centers were set up in response to Mau Mau uprisings and struggles for independency.The centers were nonacademic child care settings and only provided tutelar care, a situation that persisted until the early 1970s Kenyas system of early childhood care and education reflected a separate and stratified society, with Europeans receiving educational resources superior to that received by people from Asian and Arab cultures Africans came last. The colonial government argued that the different races needed the kind of education that was deemed appropriate for their respective positions in colonial life.According to Rodney (1981), this colonial schooling approach was akin to education for underdevelopment. In 1954, UNICEF started supporting early childhood development and education in Kenya. Its focal point was support for the health of mother and child. In later years, UNICEF expand beyond the goals of child survival to include development and education. Post independence Kenya President Jomo Kenyattas call for a content philosophy of Harambee, which means Lets pull together. saw mobilization of communal boil groups in order to achieve certain education and socioeconomic goals.Early care and education of children was considered to be a community concern necessitating collaboration. Communities raised money to purchase land and other materials to build schools. The labor was provided complete of charge by community members. The parents and especially the mothers organized themselves into groups to build and control the centres. The centres were small, simple in structure and catered for children from the village. Some of them were brinytained within continuous school buildingswhile others were egressd in individual homes, makeshift sheds, or even outdoors, under trees.One of the mothers was chosen as the teacher and children were brought to the centre while the other mothers went to work. The activities were mainly games, songs and dances and a few ABC related activities. By 1970, the increasing participation of Kenyan women in the labor force, the growing number of female-headed households and changing family structures and child-rearing practices created new demands for external support. The community alone could no long-lasting be the primary provider of living, health care, and education for preschool children.Consequently, the government support the formation of partnerships as a way to consecrate resources and share cost of early childhood care and education. The Ministry of Education became involved in overall administration, insurance policy-making, provision of grants for training, and professional guidance of preschool education. Collaborative Partnerships In the 1970s, the government entered into partnerships with communities and other institutions engaged in the provision of preschool education in Kenya.These partnerships involved nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), parastatal bodies, unearthly organizations, the Bernard van sneer Foundation, The Aga Khan Foundation, and UNICEF In 1972, a 10-year Preschool Education cypher was under taken at the Kenya Institute of Education by the Ministry of Education and the Bernard van Leer Foundation. The main objective of the explore project was to improve the step of preschool education through tether key areas 1) development of training models for ECCE personnel 2) development of a quality curriculum and 3) development of support materials for use by children, teachers, and trainers.In 1976 pre-school education was established in the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) to coordinate preschool program. -October 1982 the Ministry of Basic Education and the Bernard Van Leer Foundation held a guinea pig seminar on preschool education in Malindi with the aim of reviewing the progress achieved during the preschool projects first decade and making recommendations for the rapid development of preschool education in Kenya. Outcomes of the Malindi Seminar -(i) A preschool section was established in the Ministry of Education. (ii) Clear policies we re formulated to bear preschool education in Kenya. (iii)In 1984, the Ministry of Education established the National boil down for Early Childhood Education (NACECE), a national endeavor aimed at harmonizing the growth, evaluation, and oversight of early childhood education. (iv) In 1985 a network of sub-centers was established at the district level. These centers were called District Centers for Early Childhood Education (DICECE) Milestones of ECE in 1990s 1990 symposium in Mombasa -Kenyatta University and KIE funded by Bernard Van Leer foundation essential content components and regulations for the Bachelor of Education (ECE) . The prrogramme did not take off at this time .The centre for Early Childhood Education was established at Kenyatta University in 1995. Increased funding by the government and the world swan of the early childhood development project. -In 1997 the Kenya government procured a credit from the world bank to support ECDE programs in the centres. The project was implemented between 1997 and 2002. Its main objectives were to (i) Increase access of ECDE function (ii) Improve child health and nutrition status (iii) Improve quality of personnel and reduce dropout and repetition judge at start primary school Alternative and complementary approaches launched by UNICEF.-The government through the sessional paper no. 1 of 2005 recommended the development of across-the-board ECDE policy framework and service ideal guideline. The policy and the service standard guidelines were launched in 2007. ***************************************************************************** Access and participation in education at the ECDE level in Kenya are still low with a Net archive rate (NER) of 42% in 2009 and 50% in 2010. This means that 58% and 50% 0f school age-going pupils were not in school in 2009 and2010 respectively.The concluding values in enrolment were observed in North east province 5%. Low access levels in the country can be explained by the fact that ECDE was not compulsory in malevolence of being critical in laying the foundation for performance in the subsequent levels of education. Currently the sticking sponsors and agencies offer preschool education services in Kenya (i) Parents/ commissionings/ local community they are responsible for putting up buildings and furniture. (ii) perform Organizations. Nursery schools are built on church compounds or use church buildings as classrooms during the week.Some churches employ teachers and some assist with a feeding programme. (iii) Firms, estates and corporations. Some have established preschools for their employees children. They also employ the teachers and provide the equipment. (iv) Voluntary organizations. (Lions Club, Red, Child Wel uttermoste Society). They have initiated the construction and running of preschools. (v) Womens organizations such as Kanu Maendeleo ya Wanawake,YMCA,Womens Guild which run some institutions for young children (vi) private communi ties/individuals (vii) Local government. Functions of NACECE * Training of personnel for ECE .* discipline and dissemination of the curriculum for ECE programmes. * Identifying, designing, undertaking and coordinating research in ECE. * Offering services and facilitating fundamental interaction between agencies and sponsors. * Coordinating and liaising with external partners and also informing the public on the needs and developments of the ECE programme. The functions of the DICECE * Training of the pre-school teachers and other personnel at the district level.* surveillance and inspection of pre-school programme at district level. * Mobilization of local communities in the pre-school programme so as to improve the care, health, nutrition and education of young children. * Development of pre-school curriculum. * Participation in the evaluation of pre-school programmes and carrying out basic research on the status of pre-school children in and out of school. Challenges facing Early Childhood Development Education Programmes in Kenya ?Mushrooming of ECDE centres. umteen ECDE centres continue to be loose by communities And individuals sometimes without proper supervision and regulations. ?Low funding of ECDE programmes by the exchequer in comparison with other levels of education.?Problems in Access Household, communities, NGOs and other private providers primarily Provide ECDE, which makes the programme inaccessible to the majority of households re make upable to the high cost of providing the services. ?Policy formulation Inadequate clear policy to guide ECDE has led to un-coordinated service Provision between government organs, the NGOs, internationalistic agencies and the local communities. ?ECDE centers all over the country offer different services and this is made worse by competition for admission to good primary school and also the fact that many private centers are commercially based and are competing for children.?Education policy Kenya h as no clear national philosophy of education or a solid national Education policy. The two should be clearly defined and put in place to guide the development of education. ?Widespread poverty and poor economic growth hampering the quality of sustainable ECDE programmes. The government should increase learning facilities and also introduce feeding programmes. ? wishing of awareness Many communities and parents lack awareness on the importance of ECDE for both girls and boys. The government should sensitize parents and communities on the importance of ECDE. ?Lack of identification of children with special needs . The government lacks an institutionalized system for early identification of children with special needs,specially gifted and talented children who cannot fit in the mainstream schools in ECDE centres. This is a critical issue that needs to be addressed as the gifted and talented might end up dropping out of school. ?Inadequate Physical Facilities Most ECDE programmes ha ve short physical facilities, equipments and materials inadequate ECDE materials owing to the fact that many publishers decline to undertake publishing of ECDE materials as they lack quick and ready markets ?Lack of schemes of service for ECDE teachers Low and unsystematic remuneration of pre-school Teachers thus adversely affecting the morale of pre-schoolteachers. To address this issue the government should develop and implement a scheme of service for ECDE teachers. . At the moment ECDE teachers are employed by community delegacys and their salaries depend on the local income of parents. ?Poor transition to primary school Absence of a smooth transition from pre-school to primary.Schools result in high wastage in the form of elevated repetition and dropout rates at the primary education level, especially standard 1,2 and 3. A World Bank sponsored study by Nyamwanya and mwaura (1995)in its focus on transition between pre-school and primary school examined the teaching method s and learning of the two systems of education. The study observed that both teachers and parents of dismount primary perceive child readiness from an academic perspective and this influenced the teaching methods and content apply in pre-schools to prepare children for primary school.?Inadequate qualified ECDE teachers Due to high rates of attrition as a result of the poor pay packages many pre-school teachers are un handy and so lack skills to enhance the holistic development and learning of children. ?Lack of supervision This has also affected the quality of services. Quality Assurance Standard Officers (QUASO) is not adequately equipped to care inspection and assessment of ECDE services, including issues relating to transition. ?Relevance to curricula Relevance of ECDE refers to how appropriate a particular ECDE Programme addresses the development needs of pre-school children.Consequently, the area of curriculum in toll of teaching methods and content has raised attention fr om researchers in ECDE. Many pre-schools overstress the teaching 3 Rs. This is attributed to parental pressure and interviews for entry to standard one. Many ECDE teachers spend a lot of time preparing children for entry into primary school and cover the academic content of standard one. ?Rising number of orphans human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS pandemic is one of the greatest challenges to mankind. The Education sector is experiences lower Productivity due to absenteeism of ailing teachers.And students, also number of orphans has been in the increase resulting in low enrolment and increase in the dropout rates in ECDE centres. ?Medium of instruction ECDE centres should use Kiswahili, or local language as the media of instruction, the government should institutionalize and put in place, mechanisms and strategies of making Kiswahili a median(a) of instruction. Books written in English should be translated to Kiswahili and other local languages. Teachers discussion lower ECDE shou ld be in serviced on the use of mother tongue as a medium for instruction.However children in the urban and slum area areas learn different languages and hence young children do not learn their first languages adequately. ?Free Primary Education Universal Free Primary Education (FPE) in 2003 did not include ECDE services. Early Childhood Development services continue to be provided on a partnership hind end between the parents, the local communities and the government. Free Primary Education affected the co- functioning of ECDE parent sin the following ways (a)Some parents refused to pay fees to ECDE centres (b)Parents refused to contribute toward the building of ECDE.(c)Some parents refused to take their children to ECDE centres hence wait for FPE (d)In some cases, the ECDE classes in public schools were taken by the FPE pupils leaving ECDE children out of class. (e)Some of the ECDE teachers lost their jobs while others were underpaid due to the non- payment of fees in the ECDE centres. (f)Many untrained teachers were employed to replace the trained teachers who were demanding more money/higher salaries. (f)The under age children were admitted in lower primary classes affecting enrolment in ECDE centres ? Culture (a) female genital mutilation, early child marriage, gender bias.(b)Pastoralism affects ECDE in that Families might be far apart making the centre to be very far for some children to access. Children are also part of the society and are trained to look after animals at an early age so they also follow animals at the expense of schooling and as a result centres can only be established if there is a teacher who will be able to shift with the families. Early childhood Education on that point are different names for the various government activitys that take care of preschool children * daycare or play group for children below the age of three. Working mothers use them as safe places to keep their children.* Creche for children below three years. This establishment is usually located where the mother is working. * The kindergarten normally refers to the school for children between three and six years. In Kenya they are found mainly in urban areas. They are privately run and costly. * Nursery schools Usually for children between three and five years. A majority of these in Kenya are found in rural areas. They are managed by parents commissionings and some are assisted by local authorities. * Preschool units or reception classes These are usually attached to and managed by primary schools.They serve children aged five and older who are preparing to put down in the first primary grade at the same school. A majority of these are found in urban areas. The direct government in early childhood education started soon after independence in 1963. The Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Health were charged with the responsibility of inspecting babys room schools and day care centres to ensure the health and the safety of chi ldren. In 1966 in Kenya The German volunteers Services had assisted the department of community development and social services to train local personnel to work inndaycare centres.In 1968 there were 76 supervisors and 290 trained teachers. Advisory committee on daycare centrwe programme was founded in 1968 under the ministry of housing and social services. This committee contributed to the formulation of the programme objectives and guidelines and made recommendations on instruction at the training and school levels. Tge committee became inactive in 1973. In 1969 in a seminar to evaluate preschool education in Kenya , it was recommended that (i) There should be a national policy on pre-school education that would encourage self help efforts.(ii) Formulating a working committee to formulate the working principles of the programme and coordinate the efforts of all agencies concerned and to promote expansion of the proogramme by reviewing training programmes and conditions of servi ces of personnel. (iii) The ministry of Cooperatives and Sociial Services was to function as the coordinator of nursery school activities. Central government was to provide nursery centre supervisors at provincial and district levels. Establishment of major trainng centre to train personnel.There was one major training centre and several little units to train personnel at provincial levels. The government wass to contribute to and totally finance the highest category of district trainers and supervisors. The local committees and parent committee were to contribute by paying teaschers salaries and to subsidize their upkeep at the training centres. Theere was also a single documentation awarding body. The government was to sponsor training. The candidates to be sponsored were to be 18 years old. They were to possess a minimum of certificate of primary education.The course was to be localized to allow the use of local languages. Attainment of international standard, as pertains the nursery facilities there were to be 25 children per teacher with the goal of achieving international standards of 15 children per teacher. Establishment of parents committee. These were to give financial and moral support. They were also to seek advise of District planning committee before setting up nursery schools. 1970-1979 N. B 1969 recommendations served as a guiding principle for the future development of early childhood development in Kenya.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 32

Damon doesnt mean to be such a a bastard, average said explosively. Hes just so often he feels like its the triple of us against him and and Well, who started that? Even book binding riding the thurgs,Stefan said.I deal, but theres whatsoeverthing else, sightly said humbly.Since its merely snow and rock and ice hes I dont feel.Hes al tight. Somethings wrong.Hes hungry,Elena said, stricken by a sudden realization.Since the thurgs there had been nothing for the two vampires to hunt. They couldnt exist, like foxes, on insects and mice.Of course Lady Ulma had provided plenty of Black phantasy for them, the only thing that rase resembled a substitute for blood. But their lend was dwindling, and of course, they had to think of the trip back, as well .Suddenly Elena k radical what would do her good.Stefan,she murmured, pul ing him into a nook in the craggy stone of the cave entrance. She pushed rancid her cowling and unrol ed her scarf enough to expose one face of her nec k.Dont obtain me say please to a fault many times,she whispered to him. I cant wait that long.Stefan looked into her look, saw that she was heartbreaking and determined and kissed one of her mittened hands.Its been long enough now, I think no, Im sure, or I would never so far attempt this,he whispered. Elena tipped her drift back. Stefan stood wagerween her and the wind and she was almost warm. She felt the little initial torture and wherefore Stefan was drinking and their minds slid together like two raindrops on a glass window.He took very little blood. Just enough to involve the difference in his eyes between Stillgreen pools and sparkling, effervescent streams.But then his gaze went Stillagain. Damonhe said, and pa utilise awkwardly.What could Elena say? I just severed al ties placardh him? They were supposed to assist one another along these trials to show their wit and courage. If she refused, would she fail again?Send him quick then,she said. Before I diverge my mind.Five minutes later Elena was again tucked into the little nook, bit Damon turned her head back and forth with dispassionate precision, then of a sudden darted forward and sank his fangs into a prominent vein. Elena felt her eyes go wide.A bite that hurt this much Well, she hadnt experienced it since the days when she had been stupid and unready and had fought with al her strength to get free.As for Damons mind there was a nerve wal . Since she had to do this, she had been hoping to see the little boy who lived in Damons innermost soul, the one who was the unwil ing Watch-Keeper everyplace al of his secrets, but she couldnt even thaw the steel a little.After a minute or two, Stefan pul ed Damon off of her not gently. Damon came away sul enly, wiping his embouchure.Are you okay?Bonnie contended in a worried whisper, as Elena rummaged through Lady Ulmas medicine box for a piece of gauze to staunch the unhealed wounds in her neck.Ive been better,Elena said briefly, as s he wrapped up her scarf again.Bonnie sighed. Meredith is the one who real y belongs here,she said.Yes, but Meredith real y belongs in Fel s Church, too. I only hope they can hold on long enough for us to come back.I only hope that we can come back with something that wil help them,Bonnie whispered.Meredith and matt spent the time from 200 A.M. to flick pouring infinitesimal drops from Misaos star bal onto the streets of the town, and asking the Power to somehow help them in the fight against Shinichi. This brisk movement from place to place had as well netted a surprising bonus kids.Not crazy kids. expression ones, terrified of their brothers and sisters or of their parents, not daring to go home because of the ineffable things they had seen there. Meredith and unconditional had crammed them into Matts mothers second-hand SUV and brought them to Matts house.In the end, they had more than thirty kids, from ages five to sixteen, al too f honorableened to play, or talk, or even to ask for anything. But theyd eaten everything Mrs. Flowers could visualise that wasnt spoiled in Matts refrigerator and pantry, and from the pantries of the deserted houses on either side of the Honeycutts.Matt, watching a ten-year-old girl cramming plain white bread into her m byh with wolfish hunger, tears running down her grimy face as she chewed and swal owed, said quietly to Meredith, Think weve got any ringers in here?Id bet my life on it,she replied just as quietly. But what are we qualifying to do? Cole doesnt know anything helpful. Wel just lose to pray that the un-possessed kids wil be able to help us when Shinichis ringers attack. I think the best filling when confronted by possessed kids who whitethorn ache weapons is to run.Meredith nodded absently, but Matt sight she took the stave everywhere with her now. Ive devised a little test for them. Im going to smack every one with a Post-It, and see what happens. Kids whove done things they regret may get hysterical, kids whore already just terrified may get some comfort, and the ringers wil either attack or run.This I have to see.Merediths test lured out only two ringers in the whole mob, a thirteen-year-old boy and a fifteen-year-old girl. Each of them screamed and darted through the house, shrieking wildly.Matt couldnt stop them. When it was al over and the older kids were comforting the younger ones, Matt and Meredith finished boarding up the windows and pasting amulets between the boards. They spent the evening scouting for food, questioning the kids about Shinichi and the decision Midnight, and helping Mrs. Flowers treat injuries. They tried to keep one person on guard at alltimes, but since they had been up and moving since 130 A.M., they were al very tired.At a quarter to eleven Meredith came to Matt, who was modify the scratches of a yel ow-haired eight-year-old.Okay,she said quietly, Im going to take my car and get the new amulets Mrs. Saitou said shed have done by now. Do you mind if I take Saber?Matt shake his head. No, Il do it. I know the Saitous better, anyway.Meredith gave what, in a less refined person, might have been cal ed a snort. I know them well enough to say, vindicate me, Inari-Obaasan excuse me, Orime-san were the troublemakers who keep asking for huge amounts of anti-evil amulets, but you dont mind that, do you?Matt smiled faintly, let the eight-year-old go, and said, Well, they might mind it less if you got their names straight.Obaasanmeans grandma, amend?Yes, of course.And sanis just a thingy you put at the end of a name to be polite.Meredith nodded, adding, And a thingy at the endis cal ed an honorific suffix.Yeah, yeah, but for al your big linguistic process youve got their names wrong. Its Orime-grandma and Orime-Isobels-mother. So Orime-Obaasan and Orime-san, too.Meredith sighed. Look, Matt, Bonnie and I met them first.Grandma introduced herself as Inari. without delay I know shes a little wacky, but she would certainly know her own n ame, right?And she introduced herself to me and said not just that she was named Orime, but that her lady friend was named after her. Talk your way out of that one.Matt, shal I get my notebook? Its in the boardinghouse den Matt gave a short exquisite laugh almost a sob. He looked to make sure Mrs. Flowers wasnt approximately and then hissed, Its somewhere down at the center of the earth, maybe. There is no den anymore.For a mummyent Meredith looked simply shocked, but then she frowned. Matt glared darkly. It didnt help to think that they were the two most unlikely of their group to quarrel. here they were, and Matt could practical y see the sparks flying. All right,Meredith said concluding y, Il just go over there and ask for Orime-Obaasan, and then tel them it was al your fault when they laugh.Matt shook his head. Nobodys going to laugh, because youre going to get it right that way.Look, Matt,Meredith said, Ive been reading so much on the Internet that I even know the name Inari. Ive come across it somewhere. And Im sure I would have mademade the connectionHer voice trailed off. When Matt turned his eyes down from the ceiling, he started. Merediths face was white and she was breathing quickly.Inarishe whispered. I do know that name, butSuddenly she grabbed Matts wrist so hard that it hurt.Matt, is your calculating machine absolutely dead?It went when the electricity went. By now even the source is gone.But you have a mobile that connects to the Internet, right?The urgency in her voice made Matt, in turn, take her seriously. Sure,he said. But the batterys been destroyed for at least a day. Without electricity I cant recharge it. And my mom took hers. She cant live without it. Stefan and Elena mustve left their stuff at the boardinghouse He shook his head at Merediths hopeful expression and whispered, Or, should I say, where the boardinghouse used to be.But we have to find a mobile or computer that works We have to I need it to work for just a minu teMeredith said frantical y, breaking away from him and beginning to pace as if trying to beat some world record.Matt was staring at her in bewilderment. But why?Because we have to. I need it, even just for a minuteMatt could only gaze at her, perplexed. Final y he said, I guess we can ask the kids.The kids One of them has got to have a live mobile Come on, Matt, we have to talk to them right now.She stopped and said, rather huskily, I pray that youre right and Im wrong.Huh?Matt had no idea what was going on.I said I pray that Im wrong You pray, too, Matt please

Managing Cultural Diveristy

SHMS Leysin Leadership Across lasts Managing manpower renewal 131LAC Mukhtar Mammadov BAHE 2 3/22/2013 Table of Contents Introduction2 Discussion3 Conclusion7 Introduction Culture in its many forms and approaches is a very pop subject researched by many authors. The definition of civilisation from Geert Hofstede, the most cited favorable scientist according to Powell (2006) comes as the collective programming of the promontory that distinguishes the members of unitary group or category of humans from an opposite. (1982) He mentions that these passings exist in nations, geographic regions, generations, genders, societal classes and many more than.As Hofstede simply puts it, the extempore rules of the social game. (2013) It has also been described in a little scientific language as something to do with the people and unique forest and style of organization, (Kilmann et al. 1985) and the way we do things around here. (Deal & adenylic acid Kennedy, 1982) Other sources p ost hundreds of various definitions. Lee and Yu (2004) argue that the effect of definitions is so broad because of the versatile approaches and frameworks in which conclusion is researched. The 3 main social sciences psychology, anthropology and sociology have different views on the topic.However, the researchers tend to agree that culture puke non be defined using one universal definition. Groeschl and Doherty(2000) quote Tayeb (1994), who argues that culture is overly fundamental to be solved through tighter definition. Greater hint for the managerial tasks, even so, comes from the cultural vicissitude. Cox (1993) defines salmagundi as rep envyation, in one social system, of people with distinctly different group affiliations of cultural import. Factors differentiating these people include cultural range, race, education, age, physical and cognitive ability among other. Seymen, 2006) These criteria depute that difference is significant not only at the level of inter ior(a) or ethnic customization only also at an internal, individual level. In the modern globalized world, people of various backgrounds inevitably meet, work in teams, establish business deals, receive and provide service to each other and full of life together in the same environment. In such conditions, individuals and especially companies, sickly prepargond to the variety of values, beliefs and attitudes towards same wall sockets pass on find themselves at a disadvantage.This report will outline the issues of managing cultural diversity, their magnificence in hospitality industry as well as benefits and disadvantages. Further, the importance of diversity enlisting will be discussed along with contemporary theories and strategies used to gain militant advantage. As the topic is very broad, The main issues and in recruitment policies will be briefly outlined followed by a focused handling on selecting and recruiting employees and managers for foreign duty assignments (I A). DiscussionTwo interconnected activities have been identified that can appropriate companies a competitive advantage in terms of cultural difference 1) having a several(a) hands and 2) managing the work force diversity. (Aghazadeh, 2004) Aghazadeh discusses the forecasted changes in demographics and argues that having respective(a) men and being prepared to the demographic changes will also be cook to the change in market demands, giving it a competitive advantage. (2004) By doing so companies will have an inner source of information what the client base expects an on dealing with the community.A diverse workforce also brings with it an self-evident benefit of the language skills. tally to White (1999, p. 477), having a diverse workforce benefits companies in 5 ways * Easier attraction and retaining of the human talent. * Ability to determine and penetrate wider and enhanced markets. * Higher creativity and innovation * Better line solving ability * Better accommodati on to change and organizational tractability signifiering a diverse workforce alone is not profuse to gain the advantages connected to it. In order to benefit from the multicultural environment, it is principal(prenominal) to efficaciously manage the diversity of existing lag.Magdaleno and Kleiner predicted that effective focussing of workforce diversity will become the major(ip) determinate of the continued survival and success . (1996) A strong organizational culture can be a priceless intangible asset for any company that plans to grow. A strong culture must include artifacts such as rituals and organizational stories to illustrate particular cultural traits. (Lee & Yu, 2004) The research by Denison (1984) has revealed that on that point is direct correlation mingled with 1)organization of work, 2)decision making and fiscal performance.Various techniques and strategies, such as recruitment, training, managing culture shock and using predictors such as personality tra its for international assignments can be used in aligning diversity management with requirements. (Gabel et al. , 2005 Migliore, 2011 Uwaje, 2009 Harvey, 2012 Tipper, 2004) Workforce diversity and its management, due to complexity, has several disadvantages. First and most translucent is the increase in training expenditures. The trainings such as lectures and seminars are condition to all levels of staff within the organization are associated with gamy costs. Aghazadeh, 2004) Secondly, in that location is a threat of reverse discrimination. (Brunner, 2003) Reverse discrimination takes pip when the cultural majority (e. g. Caucasian) claims to have been discriminated by a minority. Such events occur because of the judgment and affirmation of a minority with little consideration for the majority. Another major drawback is the high probability of conflicts. (White, 1999, p. 478) Aghazadeh states that such incidents usually occur as a result of an individuals feeling superior. 200 4) Indeed, it is a common sight that, for example, an older employee has disagreements and mis readings with younger. It can, however be combated using ongoing training and managerial intervention. A body of work by Bajawa (2006) on the executives opinions on the advantages and disadvantages of culturally diverse workforce notice that they are not threatened by possible negative effects. As one of the senior HR managers responsible for diversity indemnity and murder mentioned, he does not think in that respect are any disadvantages they are all advantages etention of employees, reduced training costs, attraction in the first place . Not only has he mentioned the cocksure effects but also finds that diversifying and managing workforce correctly reduces the training costs. In the hospitality industry managing cultural diversity is perhaps even more important that most other industries, diverse staff body constantly interacts with clients of various cultural background and on every level of operation. (Baum et al. , 2007) Particularly in hotel, tourism and expire industries the amount of intercultural communication can be overwhelming.It is, therefore of grave importance to carefully develop and apply practices necessary to upkeep employee motivation and comfort. maven of the strategies that can be used to manage cultural diversity is to understand the importance and carefully implement practices in recruiting the diverse workforce. Hiring the best panorama for the job available, regardless of the cultural background also assures a reliable, diverse pool of talent is available for promotion, since many companies prefer to look for managers internally.DNetto and Sohal (1999) provide a list of the best practices popular in recruiting diverse workforce development of job description, that complies with anti-discrimination legislation and that covers experiences and qualifications job advertisements in a number of languages presence of diverse managers i n selection boards implementing user-friendly techniques allowing interviewees an easy apprehension and ability to answer questions to their best ability. They also argue that most managers miscarry at adjusting interviews to diverse candidate base.According to Tipper (2004), there are 5 elements for a successful diversity recruitment strategy 1) Knowing the market. It is inseparable to know the pool of available talented candidates in order to effectively recruit from minority groups. These employees can then be used internally in coordination with sales and marketing departments to develop a more civilize marketing strategy for attracting and retaining diverse customers. By doing so companies hit 2 hares with 1 shot get talented employees and enhance their marketing strategies. 2) Build the business case.Letting the hiring managers understand and appreciate the reasons and benefits for diversity recruitment can mystify a great difference. Successful companies put presence of cultural diversity in their ranks as an improvement to their bottom-line and benefit from financial improvements. 3) Channels to Market. rig the number of channels used to advertise available positions might greatly improve the chances for success in diversity recruitment. Placing information in magazines, journals and websites popular among the known talent market instead of only national, traditional media can be a decisive factor.It is important, however, to notice, that some minorities might be mistrustful about the reasons for companies to target them as potential employees. Therefore it has to be understandably communicated wherefore companies target diverse employees. 4) Reward recruiters. It takes money, time and skill to nonplus desired results. Therefore successful recruiters should be legitimately rewarded for their efforts in this, sometimes undervalued, issue. Tipper suggests that 5-10% of the hiring managers pay should be based on diversity recruitment and retenti on results. ) An ongoing focus. The task is not finished once hot diverse employees have been recruited. After the successful first step the sore personnel pick ups to be trained on an ongoing basis. At the same time companies must understand the inner drivers and motivators of their staff. To do so, redundant criterions like informing supervisors of the importance of minority employees, hiring internal audits and diversity policy communication tools should be implemented. For the hospitality industry, given its nature, there is an increased need or developing and implementing the strategies and techniques to recruiting and retaining talented diversity. Taking into consideration the international customer bases making up the majority of hotels and airlines clientele, a multicultural workforce whitethorn generate better experiences and in the long term, generate substantial financial and reputational benefits. Re-recruiting or simply assigning an employee to a smart workplace foreign (further supranational Assignment or IA) requires additional measures to ensure successful execution.The managers depute to work abroad need to be able to adjust to the new environment in the shortest period of time to provide maximum effectiveness. As in many cases these individuals experienced themselves as a part of majority, mien as a minority representative in an another unpolished may change dramatically, resulting in a phenomenon known as Culture Shock. Ward et al. (2005) argue that under shock, culture is rejected leash to anxiety and aggressiveness. Contemporary psychological research has revealed methods capable of predicting cultural adaptation.A turn over by Gabel et al. (2005) discovered that stirred intelligence (EI) above other factors, including empathy and social relations can predict the rate of adaptation to IA. Findings indicate that individuals with high EI scales tended to adapt to the new cross-cultural environments better reducing the chance o f them uncoerced to terminate assignments. As EI is associated with the neuroticism dimension (also known as wound up stability) of the Big Five personality model used as a basis for many psychometric tests, this trait can be measurable before the IA of an individual.It can have its implications when hiring a new manager for an IA or better preparing an existing employee. A latter research by Migliore (2011) has plunge correlations between the Big Five personality traits and the cultural dimensions presented by Geert Hofstede. It has sight particular connections between specific dimensions of the two theories Extraversion Individualism agreeableness Power Distance Conscientiousness Masculinity Neuroticism Uncertainty avoidance Openness Time Orientation It might be difficult to measure the cultural preferences of an employee.Psychometric testing, aligned with the above mentioned findings offers a reliable way to contrast the psychological profile of an employee with the c ultural context of the location of new assignment on an individual level. Cain (2012) classifies some nations as introverted or extroverted. According to her, Finland and Japan are highly introverted, while the US is an extroverted country. Although she does not provide any correlations between personality and cultural dimensions, there is secern of extroversion aligning with individualism, while introversion is closer to group orientation.Therefore, for example, a Finnish employee might find himself uncomfortable in the dynamic US, but have easier time adapting in Japan than an American at least(prenominal) as far as individualism dimension goes. Conclusion A multicultural workforce has its advantages and disadvantages. It is essential, especially in the hospitality industry, to engage in culturally diverse recruitment, as it enhances understanding and communication with the customer base, makes organizations more flexible and innovative, helps attract and retain talents and simp ly have a positive image of social responsibility in the media.Although it is associated with some drawbacks, such as increased costs of training, conflicts and misunderstanding among the employees, executives and researchers believe that building diversity in a company lead it to a competitive advantage. It has been shown, however, that simply employing diverse workforce is not enough strategies for correct recruitment, retaining and training employees are necessary to reap the benefits. It is important to attract and select the right candidates through methods which do not affect their cultural background.In order to do so two internal and external measures need to be taken. Externally, it is important to clarify the reasons why cultural diversity is pursued in an organization, utilize the correct media channels. From interior the companies it is required to clearly state and create understanding of how cultural diversity in the organization benefits it intangibly and financiall y rather than because it is the right thing to do. It is also important to keep in mind the managements efforts towards quality staff recruitment and to carry on the diversity policies on an ongoing basis.Another issue is the regular need to send managers and employees to international assignments. During these tasks there is a high probability of culture shock happening to traveling individuals without appropriate preparation. The resent research in psychology has revealed several ways of predicting successful adaptation to the international assignments. High scores in factors such as emotional intelligence were found to be able to forecast quick overcoming of culture shock and reducing the threat of rejecting assignments/withdrawal.Furthermore, it is possible to test the approximate correlations between the culture of destination and the personal habits of an individual using the psychometric tests. Overall, there are many strategies and methods to managing workforce diversity, bu t only careful and modern organizational culture and established policies can lead to the highest levels of rewards it can bring. As long as the concern about multicultural staff is genuine, is communicated extensively and is perceived to be true, it will grant great competitive advantage.Bibliography Aghazadeh, S. (2004). Managing Workforce Diversity as an Essential Resource for Improving Organizational Performance, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. e-journal 53(6), pp. 532-531. Available Through Emerald http//www. emeraldinsight. com. ezproxy. derby. ac. uk/journals. htm? issn=1741-0401volume=53issue=6articleid=1509196show=html Accessed 21 March 2013 Bajawa, A. and Woodall, J. (2006).Equal luck and Diversity Management Meet Downsizing A Case force field in the UK Airline Industry, Employee Relations. e-journal 28(1), pp. 46-61. Available Through Emerald http//www. emeraldinsight. com. ezproxy. derby. ac. uk/journals. htm? issn=0142-5455volume=28is sue=1articleid=1535132show=html Accessed 21 March 2013 Baum, T. , Dutton, E. , Karimi, S. , Kokkranikal, J,. , Devine, D. and Hearns, N. (2007). Cultural Diversity in Hospitality Work, Cross Cultural Management An International Journal.